Browsing by Author "Wells, Harrington"
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Item Alternative africanization models for Yucatan: Continued discussion(Int Bee Research Association, 1998) Wells, Harrington; Cook, Peyton; Vanvalkenburg, Daniel; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi.Item Bacterial analysıs of marketed and raw honey in Turkey(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Wells, Harrington; Özakın, Cüneyt; Çakmak, İbrahim; Aydın, Levent; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mikrobiyoloji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları/Tıp Fakültesi.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mustafakemal Paşa Meslek Yüksek Okulu/Arıcılık Geliştirme ve Araştırma Merkezi.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veterinerlik Fakültesi.Marketed honey samples (the products of 15 different firms obtained from superstores), and raw honey (obtained directly from 11 different apiaries from the Black Sea and Marmara regions of Turkey) were analyzed for bacteria species presence. Out of the 26 honey samples, bacteria were isolated in 23. Twice the number of species was isolated from marketed as raw honey. However, neither European Foulbrood (EFB) (Melissococcus pluton) nor American Foulbrood (AFB) (Paenibacillus larvae larvae) was detected in any of the samples. This suggests that sanitary measures and disinfection requirements may not be met in collecting, packaging and labeling honey for marketing.Item A colony defence difference between two honey bee subspecies (Apis mellifera cypria and Apis mellifera cacasica)(Taylor & Francis, 2012) Kandemir, İrfan; Abramson, Charles I.; Serrano, Eddie; Song, Daniel; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Çakmak, Selvinar S.; Aydın, Levent; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mustafa Kemal Paşa Yüksek Okulu/Arıcılığı Geliştirme-Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veterinerlik Fakültesi/Arıcılık Geliştirme ve Araştırma Merkezi.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431; 55184998300; 55808198600Colony defence differences between two honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera cypria and A. m. caucasica are reported. A. m. cypria formed significantly (P < 0.001) more defensive balls of bees covering intruders than A. m. caucasica in response to a predatory wasp attack. Although there were differences in ball formation, the number of bees attacking the wasp did not differ in the balls that were formed (P > 0.10). In addition to ball formation, A. m. cypria was tested for differences in frequency of attacking, shaking, shimmering, line formation and lunging when confronted with a live tethered wasp, dead tethered wasp or just the tethering line. Only the dead wasp elicited differential response. It is suggested that these difference in anti-predator behaviour are related to the high predation risks of A. m. cyrpria. Caucasian bees and their hybrids do not face to such wasp predation due to the cool weather in the Caucasus region.Item Different solutions by bees to a foraging problem(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science, 2009-05) Sanderson, Charlotte; Blocker, Tomica D.; Pham, L. Lisa; Checotah, Sky; Norman, Ashley A.; Harader, Brice K. Pate; Reidenbaugh, Tyler R.; Nenchev, Peter; Barthell, John F.; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Arıcılık Geliştirme Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431Honeybees (Apis mellifera) were used as a model insect system to explore how foragers solve problems involving cost as well as reward. Reward difference was created by varying sucrose molarity, whereas cost difference was created by varying flower-handling time in artificial flower patches. Unlike earlier work, flower-handling time was a function of stamen length rather than corolla length, such that longer stamens increased flower-handling time. When changing from short- to long-stamen flowers, access to nectar becomes limited to specific routes, which differ in difficulty. Experiments were performed with 2 mu l and 6 mu l sucrose rewards. Differences in reward and/or handling time were associated with flower colour difference (blue versus white flowers). Higher energy reward (2 M) and shorter handling time were preferred by bees when foraging problems involved only a reward or a handling-time difference, which followed energy maximization expectations. However, when the two variables were combined so that greater handling time was combined with higher reward, behaviour differed between individuals. Some bees made choices based solely on reward, some only on effort (handling time), and some simply on flower colour. These results contrast with early work where handling time was a function of corolla length and all bees avoided longer corollas. Results suggest that honeybees do not always behave as predicted by simple energy maximization principles; rather, individuality in choice arises when the foraging problem becomes more difficult because of increased complexity (dimensionality) of the problem.Item Feature positive and feature negative learning in honey bees(Oxford University, 2011-03) Pendergraft, LomaJohn T.; Albers, Leah M. Bates; Duell, Meghan E.; Zuniga, Edier; Abramson, Charles, I.; Barthell, John F.; Hranitz, J. M.; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.Item Feature-positive and feature-negative learning in honey bees(Company Biologists, 2012-09-10) Abramson, Charles I.; Duell, Meghan E.; Bates-Albers, Leah M.; Zuniga, Enoc M.; Pendegraft, Loma; Barnett, Amanda; Cowo, Carmen L.; Warren, Joshua J.; Albritton-Ford, Aaron C.; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mustafakemalpaşa Meslek Yüksekokulu/Arıcılık Araştırma Merkezi.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431Honey bees (Apis mellifera anatolica) were subjected to sequential trials where they were given the choice between a featurepositive and a feature-negative feeding plate. The 'feature' being manipulated is the presence of a single blue circle among three circles marking the location of a small sucrose reward. That is, a 'feature-negative' target had three white circles, while a 'featurepositive' target had two white circles and one blue one. Two experiments were performed. In both experiments, each bee was tested under two different reward scenarios (treatments). In the first experiment, during the feature-positive treatment bees received 4 μl of 2 mol l-1 sucrose when choosing the feature-positive plate, but received 4 μl of saturated NaCl solution (saltwater) when choosing the feature-negative plate. During the feature-negative treatment, bees were rewarded when visiting the featurenegative plate, while visitation to the feature-positive plate only offered bees the saltwater. The second experiment was a repeat of the first except that pure water was offered instead of saltwater in the non-rewarding feeding plate. As an experimental control, a set of bees was offered sequential trials where both the feature-positive and feature-negative plates offered the sucrose reward. Bee feeding plate choice differed between the feature-positive and feature-negative treatments in both experiments. Bees favored the feeding plate type with the sucrose reward in each treatment, and never consumed the saltwater or pure water when encountered in either treatment. Further, behavior of bees during both the feature-positive and feature-negative treatments differed from that of control bees. However, neither feature-positive nor feature-negative learning reached high levels of success. Further, a feature-positive effect was seen when pure water was offered; bees learned to solve the feature-positive problem more rapidly. When we tested bees using simply the choice of blue versus white targets, where one color held the sucrose reward and the other the saltwater, a bee's fidelity to the color offering the sucrose reward quickly reached very high levels.Item The flower fıdelıty of the honeybee(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2005) Sanderson, Charlotte; Wells, HarringtonSince the time of Aristotle, it has been observed that honeybees show remarkable fidelity to a plant species when visiting a patch of flowers to forage. This pollinator flower constancy, in fact, is not limited to a few flowers in a set of sequentially visited flowers. A mere 6% of the pollen in a pollenload returned to the hive by a forger is from more than one plant species (e.g. Free 1963; Moezel et al. 1987). In the agricultural literature this flower fidelity of honeybee foragers became known as ‘crop attachment’. Here, we review what is known about why a honeybee typically chooses to forage from a single flower type despite the wide range of options available to it. Although the flower fidelity of honeybees is legendary (Aristotle 330 B.C.; Virgil 30 B.C.; Butler 1609; Benett 1883; Maeterlink 1901; Ribbands 1953; Hill et al. 1997), flower constancy at times is not observed, and this is important when considering why flower fidelity is so prevalent among honeybee foragers.Item Foraging ecology of the cyprus honey bee (Apis melliferil cypriil) and its implications for agriculture(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 1998) Çakmak, İbrahim; Wells, Harrington; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Biyoloji Bölümü.The forager responses of Apis mellifera cypria were tested using artificial flower patches consisting of blue, white, and yellow flowers. A.m. cypria foragers frequentin? blue and white flowers responded to quality and quantity differences between blue and white flowers by Javaring the flower color which offered the higher molar or greater quantity reward. Cyprııs bees javaring yellow flowers responded when the smaller reward quantity was presented in yellow flowers by increasing visitation to the blue and white color morphs. The results presented here for the Cyprus honey bee when compared to work we have published on Italian and Caucasian bees suggest that the wasp predation pressure is responsible for evolution of differences in foraging behavior.Item Foraging response of turkish honey bee subspecies to flower color choices and reward consistency(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2010-03) Song, Daniel S.; Mixson, T. Andrew; Serrano, Eduardo; Clement, Meredith L.; Savitski, Amy; Johnson, Ge'Andra; Giray, Tuğrul; Abramson, Charles Ira; Barthell, John F.; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mustafakemalpaşa Meslek Yüksekokulu/Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Bölümü.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431Foraging behavior of Apis mellifera caucasica, A.m. carnica and A.m. syriaca in Turkey was studied for intrinsic subspecies-based differences. Models of forager flower-color fidelity, risk sensitive behavior and maximizing net gain were tested. Foragers were presented artificial flower patches containing blue, white and yellow flowers. Some bees of each subspecies showed high fidelity to yellow flowers, while others favored blue and white flowers. The degree of fidelity, however, differed among subspecies and was dependent upon which color was favored. Bees of all subspecies demonstrated risk indifferent behavior regardless of whether they favored yellow flowers or blue and white flowers. Flower handling time differed among subspecies and increased with reward quantity, and when a reward was present. Flight time between consecutive flowers also differed among honey bee subspecies. Foragers of all subspecies had a higher net gain when visiting flowers with consistent rewards.Item Honey bee nosema disease in the Republic of Turkey(Taylor & Francis, 2005) Wells, Harrington; Aydın, Levent; Çakmak, İbrahim; Gülegen, Ender; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mustafa Kemal Paşa Meslek Yüksek Okulu/Arıcılık Geliştirme ve Araştırma Merkezi.; AAH-2558-2021; 55808198600; 57207796431; 6505895809Item Honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) use of color and pattern in making foraging choices(Kansas Entomological Society, 2000-10) Wells, Harrington; Coburn, Philip; Athens, Michael; Hill, Peggy S. M.; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431Honeybees can use various kinds of information, including color and pattern, in choosing flowers during foraging. We offered free-flying bees a dimorphic artificial patch of radial and bilateral blue/white flowers in order to examine three hypotheses to explain the noted increase in visitation to the flower type offering a lower caloric reward, i.e., optical resolution, dyslectic interpretation, and cognition related to pattern colors. When bees were offered a color pattern rather than a simple color difference to differentiate flower types, they did not always make choices predicted by theory. Honeybees foraged randomly on both flower morphs when rewards were equal and chose the higher caloric reward more often when rewards were different. However, they visited the less rewarding choice more than 33% of the time. Increasing the size of the flower surface by doubling the dimensions did not decrease visitation to the less rewarding flower type, suggesting that visual acuity is not the limiting factor in flower sizes used. When flower colors that increased contrast (yellow vs, blue) were used in the dimorphic parch, visitation rate to the less rewarding flower type did not decline, nor did this 'error rate' decrease when identical patterns were used with only partial color differences. Adding an orientation reference on each flower decreased the frequency with which the less rewarding flower type was chosen from 36 to 26%, possibly because foragers were induced to switch from a global cue (e.g., patch) to a local cue (e.g.. flower). The rate with which the less rewarding flower type is chosen appears to be a function of honeybee use of cognitive and sensory modalities, rather than limited memory and correlative abilities.Item Lethal and subethal effects of flumethrin (VAROSTOPA (R)) on the anatolian honey bee in the republic of Turkey(Oxford University, 2011-02) Duell, Meghan E.; Apted, Trent; Hall, N.; Albers, Leah M. Bates; Pendergraft, LomaJohn T.; Zuniga, Edier; Sorucu, Ali; Abramson, Charles, I; Barthell, John F.; Wells, Harrington; Hranitz, John M.; İkizoğlu, Didem; Selova, Semih; Aydın, Levent; Çakmak, İbrahim; Oruç, Hasan; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veterinerlik Fakültesi/Veterinerlik Parazitolojisi Anabilim Dalı.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-5399-2395; AAI-2212-2021Item Nectar odor and honey bee foragıng(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2010) Wells, Patrick H.; Wenner, Adrian M.; Abramson, Charles I.; Barthell, John F.; Wells, HarringtonPractical experience has shown that honey bees visit a tremendous variety of flowering plant species, both in terms of flower morphology and floral reward. However, their ability to find “nectar” extends far beyond plants themselves. They are in many respects the ultimate generalist forager, which has been a boon for modern agriculture. But, how can they associate such a variety of “objects” with food? Odors turn out to be a key component in other species of social bees.Item Nectar secretion and bee guild characterıstıcs of yellow star-thistle on Santa Cruz island and lesvos: where have the honey bees gone(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Barthell, John F.; Clement, Meredith L.; Song, Daniel S.; Savıtsk, Amy N.; Hranıtz, John M.; Petanıdou, Theodora; Thorp, Robbin W.; Wenner, Adrian M.; Grıswold, Terry L.; Wells, HarringtonWe compared nectar secretion rates and bee guilds of yellow star-thistle, Centaurea solstitialis, on Santa Cruz Island (USA) and the Northeast Aegean Island of Lesvos (Greece). This plant species is non-native and highly invasive in the western USA but native to Eurasia (including Lesvos). “Nectar flow” was assessed by measuring nectar volumes in florets of flower heads covered with mesh bags (preventing visitation by bees); “nectar standing crop” data were taken from open (unbagged) flower heads to which all bees could gain access. We censused bees at C. solstitialis during comparable periods on both islands and determined the bee guild composition of the plant on Lesvos. Significant differences in nectar levels occurred between bagged and unbagged florets at each locale, especially during the period that pollinators were most common. Nectar flow and nectar standing crop volumes were lower on Lesvos than on Santa Cruz Island. The bee guild diversity at Lesvos was higher relative to Santa Cruz Island. Surprisingly, however, honey bees were not recorded during our monitoring periods on Lesvos.Item The neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid affects motor responses in honey bees(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2014) Levinson, B. M.; Blatzheim, L.; Bower, C.; Polk, T.; Lu, Daniel; Karahn, A.; Gune, N.; Cakmak, Ilgin; Hranitz, John M.; Wells, Harrington; Uludağ Üniversitesi.Item The neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam affects motor responses and foraging behavior of honey bees(Oxford Univ Press, 2014) Blatzheim, L.; Bower, C.; Polk, T.; Lu, Daniel; Karahn, A.; Levinson, Benjamin; Gune, N.; Çakmak, İlgin; Hranitz, John M.; Wells, Harrington; Uludağ Üniversitesi.Item Observations of ethanol exposure on the queen honey bee Apis mellifera anatoliaca (Preliminary note)(Alma Mater Studiorum, 2009-06) Abramson, Charles, I.; Nentchev, Peter; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Çakmak, Selvinar Seven; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Arıcılık Geliştirme Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431; 36027001700Previous data from this laboratory has shown that consumption of ethanol by worker honey bees disrupts learning, communication and social behaviours. We extend our honey bee model of ethanol induced behaviour by reporting preliminary observations oil a queen honey bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa) which had consumed 20 mu l of a 10%, 2.0 M ethanol Solution. Our observations reveal that the inebriated queen is accepted back into the colony but is replaced several days later by a new queen possibly as a result of decreased egg laying behaviour. The new queen - which was all offspring of the previous queen - had less hair oil the thorax and all unnatural darker colour. Egg laying was also reduced as suggested by the smaller brood area compared to a control queen. Recommendations are provided when to conduct ethanol experiments with queens.Item Observations on nectar availability and bee visitation at patches of yellow star-thistle and chasteberry on the northeast aegean Island of lesvos (Greece)(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Barthell, John F.; Hranıtz, John M.; Redd, JeAnna R.; Clement, Meredith L.; Crocker, Katherine C.; Becker, Erica C.; Leavıtt, Kara D.; Mccall, Brant; Mıllsnovoa, Megan; Walker, Cassondra M.; Petanıdou, Theodora; Wells, HarringtonWe examined numbers of honey bees (Apis) versus non-Apis bees at patches of yellow star-thistle, Centaurea solstitialis, and chasteberry, Vitex agnus-castus, on the Northeast Aegean Island of Lesvos in Greece. The resulting visitation patterns are associated with average nectar volumes measured from florets of each plant species. Honey bees visit V. agnus-castus more frequently when bees are sampled from adjoining floral displays of both species. In addition, the average size of bee pollinators (as measured by head capsule width) collected during this time was always larger from V. agnus-castus relative to C. solstitialis, and significantly so in the majority of cases. These patterns contrast with findings from previous studies in the western USA (California) where yellow star-thistle is not a native plant species but honey bees commonly visit it. Indeed, in North America, the abundant honey derived from yellow star-thistle is often considered a desirable product for marketing by beekeepers.Item Pavlovian conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex in harnessed foragers using paired vs. unpaired and discrimination learning paradigms: Tests for differences among honeybee subspecies in Turkey(Springer France, 2008) Abramson, Charles; Mixson, T. Andrew; Place, Aaron J.; Wells, Harrington; Çakmak, İbrahim; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Zootekni Anabilim Dalı.; AAH-2558-2021; 57207796431Experiments utilized three honeybee subspecies from very distinct biomes ( Apis mellifera caucasica, A. m. carnica, A. m. syriaca). In experiment one a simple association between odor and a sucrose feeding was readily established in all three subspecies. This association decreased when the conditioned stimulus was no longer followed by a feeding. Neither the learning rate nor extinction rate differed among subspecies. Unpaired controls confirmed that the acquisition of the odor-food association is learned. In experiment two, an attempt to uncover subspecies differences was tested through the ability of bees to discriminate between two odors, one of which is paired with a feeding. Rapid learning occurred in all subspecies and no significant subspecies differences were observed. Finally, discrimination learning was used as an added control to test for honeybee response to an olfactory versus mechanical ( air) stimulus.Item Pollen traps and walnut-leaf smoke for Varroa control(Dadant & Sons, 2002-05) Çakmak, İbrahim; Aydın, Levent; Camazine, S.; Wells, Harrington; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi.; 57207796431; 55808198600; 57191001903; 7005961180