Person: ESEN, FATMA
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ESEN
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FATMA
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Publication Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in honeybees and bee products and their evaluation with ambient air concentrations(Elsevier, 2021-01-01) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Taşdemir, Yücel; Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; TAŞDEMİR, YÜCEL; 0000-0001-7114-7286; AAG-8469-2021; AAG-9468-2021; AAK-1254-2020Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of pollutants can be achieved by biomonitoring, enabling the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with a natural substance. Similarly, passive air samplers (PASs) are among the commonly used methods for the determination of atmospheric POPs. However, in the literature, there are few studies in which both methods (Biomonitoring and PASs) are evaluated together. This study aims to determine the relationship between concentration values and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured by PASs and biomarkers (honeybee, honey, and pollen). The total concentrations of 50 PCB congeners (Sigma(50)PCBs) in PASs (n = 10) were 2259.63 +/- 647.18 pg m(3) for the urban area and 2685.65 +/- 708.45 pg m(3) for the semi-urban area. Sigma(50)PCBs in the honeybee (n = 10), honey (n = 7), and pollen (n = 10) samples were 114.44 +/- 20.36, 104.89 +/- 31.48 and 65.89 +/- 13.54 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for the urban sampling area, respectively, and 119.41 +/- 45.13, 112.75 +/- 21.57 and 46.52 +/- 8.85 ng g(-1) dw for the semi-urban sampling area, respectively. Similar homologous group distributions between biomarkers and PASs were obtained. The plant/air partitioning coefficient (K-PA) was used to determine the exchange between pollen samples and PASs. The results indicated that high-molecular-weight PCBs moved from air to pollen media (deposition) and low-molecular -weight PCB congeners passed from pollen media to air (volatilization) in both sampling areas.Publication Effect of COVID-19 on PM₁₀ and SO₂ concentrations in Turkey(Taylor & Francis, 2021-05-05) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Sari, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0001-7114-7286; 0000-0002-1445-0868; AAG-8469-2021; AAK-1254-2020The first COVID-19 case in Turkey was reported by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey on March 10 2020. From this date, some restrictions were introduced by the Government of the Republic of Turkey in many cities. At first, due to the increasing number of cases, curfews were declared in 31 cities between 11-12 April 2020. Later, curfews continued to be applied every weekend and on public holidays. Both human and industrial activities came to a halt with these restrictions. In general, it was considered more meaningful to determine how much curfews could reduce air pollution, since curfews were not implemented on weekdays. The aim of this study is to determine by how much PM₁₀ and SO₂ concentrations decrease with restrictions in Turkey. In this context, data of 61 air quality measurement stations in 31 cities with restrictions were used. The data obtained were compared with the concentration values on the same date in 2019. Mean PM₁₀ concentration levels decreased by 38.69% (ranging from 20.67% to 52.51%) and mean SO₂ concentration levels decreased by 33.86% (ranging from 3.66% to 52.41%) compared to 2019. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between temperature, wind speed, precipitation and pollutant concentrations in provinces where curfews exist. From this, it was concluded that curfews were more effective than temperature and wind speed to reduce pollutant concentrations. In addition, according to the correlation results obtained between precipitation and pollutant concentrations, it was concluded that wet precipitation is more effective in 2020. The coefficient of divergence (COD) method was used to determine the differences between pollutant sources in 2019 and 2020. According to the results obtained, there were differences in PM₁₀ and SO₂ sources between 2019 and 2020 and serious reductions in current air pollution were observed. This study confirmed the effect of restriction of both human and industrial activities on air pollution, and it may be of use for understanding better which activities must be controlled or improved to reduce the impact on the environment.Publication Bursa’daki iç ve dış ortam havasında organoklorlu pestisitler (OCP’ler): Konsantrasyon dağılımları, muhtemel kaynakları ve sağlık riskleri(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-10-09) ESEN, FATMA; Esen, Fatma; Sari, Mehmet Ferhat; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-7114-7286; 0000-0002-1445-0868; 0000-0003-1963-513XOrganoklorlu pestisitler (OCP’ler) fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere göre tüm çevrede bulunan ve dünyada en yaygın olarak kullanılan kimyasalların başında gelmektedir. Yaklaşık 40 yıldır kullanımları yasak olmasına rağmen hem kararlılıklarından hem de kaçak kullanımlarından dolayı günümüzde hala insan sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bursa sınırları içerinde yer alan 15 iç ve 6 dış ortam havasında OCP konsantrasyonlarının seviyeleri, muhtemel kaynakları ve soluma yoluyla oluşabilecek kanser riski hesabı değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam 10 OCP bileşiğinin iç ortam havasındaki konsantrasyon değerlerinin 467,8±94,9 pg/m³, dış ortam havasındaki konsantrasyon değerlerinin ise 419,3±137,1 pg/m³ olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme noktalarındaki binaların yaşının yanı sıra dış ortam havasında da tarımsal alanların varlığı ve yakınlığı iç ortam OCP konsantrasyonlarının dağılımlarında önemli rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Muhtemel kaynakların değerlendirilmesinde izomer oranlarından yararlanılmıştır. Bu izomer oranlarına göre, Bursa’da OCP’lerin esas kaynaklarını lindanların oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yine aynı oranlara göre günümüzde hala Bursa’da pestisit kullanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Son olarak hem iç hem de dış ortam havasının solunması yoluyla oluşabilecek kanser riskleri artan yaşam boyu kanser riski (ILCR) yöntemine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen hesaplamalara göre, Bursa’da hem iç hem de dış ortamda OCP’lerin solunması yoluyla oluşabilecek herhangi bir kanser riski tespit edilmemiştir.Publication Concentration levels and an assessment of human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in honey and pollen(Springer, 2022-05-05) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü/Mühendislik Fakültesi; 0000-0002-1445-0868; AAG-8469-2021; AAK-1254-2020Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in the food chain due to their physical and chemical properties and adversely affect human health. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the PAH and PCB concentration levels in pollen and honey samples in urban and semi-urban areas and to evaluate the risk of cancer that may occur by ingestion in Bursa, Turkey. The average total concentrations of 14 PAH ( n-ary sumation (14)PAH) compounds in pollen and honey samples were found to be 304.3 +/- 192.3 ng/g (average +/- standard deviation) and 650.2 +/- 118.1 ng/g for the urban area, and 329.6 +/- 160.6 ng/g and 464.3 +/- 66.4 ng/g for the semi-urban area, respectively. Similarly, n-ary sumation 14PCB concentrations in pollen and honey samples were found to be 8.7 +/- 3.6 ng/g and 13.0 +/- 4.8 ng/g for the urban area and 7.7 +/- 2.2 ng/g and 17.4 +/- 4.0 ng/g for the semi-urban area, respectively. It was determined that the pollen and honey samples in both sampling areas were affected by local PCB sources. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) method determined the relationship between pollen and honey samples. According to the PCC values obtained, it was observed that pollen and honey in both sampling regions exhibited a significant relationship with each other. Finally, while there was no cancer risk for PCBs due to ingestion of honey and pollen in both sampling areas, acceptable cancer risk has been calculated for PAHs.Publication Concentration levels, spatial variations and exchanges of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air, surface water and sediment in Bursa, Türkiye(Elsevier, 2023-04-10) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Çetin, Banu; Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü; AAG-8469-2021; AAK-1254-2020In this study, ambient air, surface water and sediment samples were simultaneously collected and analyzed for PCBs to investigate their levels, spatial variations and exchanges between these three compartments at different sampling sites for 12 months in Bursa, Turkiye. During the sampling period, a total of 41 PCB concentrations were determined in the ambient air, surface water (dissolved and particle phase) and sediment. Thus, 945.9 +/- 491.6 pg/m3 (average +/- STD), 53.8 +/- 54.7 ng/L, 92.8 +/- 59.3 ng/L and 71.4 +/- 38.7 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the ambient air and in water particulate phase were measured at the industrial/agricultural sampling site (1308.6 +/- 252.1 pg/m3 and 168.7 +/- 21.2 ng/L, respectively), similar to 4-10 times higher than background sites; while the highest con-centrations in the sediment and dissolved phase were measured at the urban/agricultural sampling sites (163.8 +/- 27.0 ng/L and 145.7 +/- 15.3 ng/g, respectively), similar to 5-20 times higher than background sites. PCB transitions between ambient air-surface water (fA/fW) and surface water-sediment (fW/fS) were investigated by fugacity ratio calculations. According to the fugacity ratios obtained, volatilization from the surface water to the ambient air was observed at all sampling sites (98.7 % of fA/fW ratios are <1.0). Additionally, it has been determined that there is a transport from the surface water to the sediment (100.0 % of fW/fS ratios are higher than 1.0). The flux values in ambient air-surface water and surface water-sediment environments ranged from -1.2 to 1770.6 pg/m2-day and from -225.9 to 0.001 pg/m2- day, respectively. The highest flux values were measured for PCBs with low chlorine content (Mono-, Di-Cl PCBs), while the lowest flux values were measured for the high chlorine content PCBs (Octa-, Nona-and Deca-Cl PCBs). As it was determined in this study that surface waters contaminated by PCBs have the potential to pollute both air and sediments, it will be important to take measures to protect surface waters.Publication Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in the honeybee, honey, and pollen and estimation of atmospheric concentrations in Bursa, Turkey(Taylor, 2023-02-08) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-7114-7286; 0000-0002-1445-0868; AAG-8469-2021; AAK-1254-2020Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in urban and semi-urban areas were determined in the honeybee, honey and pollen in Bursa, Turkey. The total of 14 PAH ( n-ary sumation (14)PAH) concentrations measured in the honeybee in the urban and semi-urban areas were 267.65 +/- 74.15 ng/g (mean +/- standard deviation) and 109.11 +/- 19.86 ng/g, respectively. Similarly, the n-ary sumation (14)PAH concentrations measured in honey were 650.24 +/- 97.60 and 464.32 +/- 57.92 ng/g, respectively, and measured in pollen were 304.32 +/- 184.73 and 329.62 +/- 154.24 ng/g, respectively. The PAH sources were determined using diagnostic ratios. According to the diagnostic ratios, it was concluded that the sources generally originated from the combustion of coal and biomass. In addition, the PAHs in both sampling areas showed a more dominant distribution in honey samples. The Pearson correlation coefficient method was applied to determine the relationships among the samples. According to the correlation results, there was a strong correlation between the honeybee and pollen samples in both sampling areas, while there were lower correlation results for the honey samples. Finally, atmospheric PAH concentrations were estimated using the leaf/air partition coefficients available in the literature with the help of pollen samples. According to the results obtained, it was determined that pollen samples can be used to estimate atmospheric PAH concentrations.Publication Determination of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in air and pollen samples and pollutant partition between these environments(Pamukkale Üniversitesi, 2022-01-01) Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Sarı, Mehmet Ferhat; ESEN, FATMA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-7114-7286; 0000-0002-1445-0868; AAG-8469-2021; AAK-1254-2020In this study, it was aimed to determine the regional and temporal variations of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations in air and pollen samples in urban and semi-urban areas and the distribution between air/pollen. A total of 10 OCP (Sigma 10OCP) concentrations in air and pollen samples during the sampling period were determined as 318.2 +/- 73.7 pg/m(3) and 21.7 +/- 5.1 ng/g for the urban sampling point and 390.1 +/- 103.5 pg/m(3) and 20.0 +/- 3.3 ng/g for the semi-urban point, respectively. In addition, it was determined that a-HCH and endosulfan ss compounds were the most dominant OCP compounds in both pollen and air samples. High OCP concentrations were measured at both sampling points, usually during the summer months. Pollen/air partition coefficient (K (PA)) was calculated to determine OCP exchange between air and pollen. According to the results obtained, it has been determined that there are generally OCP transitions from pollen to ambient air at both urban and semi-urban sampling points.