Traumatic epidural haematomas of nonarterial origin: Analysis of 30 consecutive cases

Abstract

Background. The purpose was to analyse the clinical and radiological findings, and management approaches used in 30 consecutive cases of traumatic epidural haematoma of nonarterial origin treated at one centre. Method. Medical records for 30 patients surgically treated for epidural haematoma of nonarterial origin between 1997 and 2003 were reviewed. Epidural haematoma of nonarterial origin was diagnosed based on computed tomography (CT) and the bleeding source was confirmed intra-operatively. Admission status, outcome, fracture location, haematoma location/size/volume, and additional intracranial pathology were among the data noted. Two groups were formed for analysis: venous sinus bleeding (group 1) and other venous sources (group 2). Findings. The 30 cases accounted for 25% of the total number of traumatic epidural haematomas (n = 120) treated during the same period. The epidural haematomas of nonarterial origin locations were transverse sigmoid sinus (n = 11; 36.7%), superior sagittal sinus (n = 6; 20%), venous lakes (n = 5; 16.6%), diploe (n = 5; 0.16%), arachnoid granulations (n = 2; 6.7%), petrosal sinus (n = 1; 3.3%). There were 12 postoperative complications in 9 patients: recurrence (n = 4; 13.3% of the 30 total), pneumonia (n = 4; 13.3%), meningitis (n = 2; 6.7%), hydrocephalus (n = 1; 3.3%) and subdural effusion (n = 1; 3.3%). All recurrence cases were re-explored. Six (20%) patients died. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores (mean follow-up 13.3 +/- 7.8 months) revealed 22 (73.3%) patients with favourable results (GOS 4-5) and 8 (26.7%) had poor results (GOS 1-3). Conclusions. Cases of epidural haematoma of nonarterial origin differ from the more common arterial-origin epidural haematomas with respect to lesion location, surgical planning, postoperative complications, and outcome. Epidural haematoma of nonarterial origin should be suspected if preoperative CT shows a haematoma overlying a dural venous sinus or in the posterior fossa and convexity. The sinus-origin group had a high frequency of fractures which crossed the sinuses, and this might be diagnostically and surgically useful in such cases.