Rus eleştiri tarihinde F.M. Dostoyevski
Date
2003-12-01
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Rus eleştiri tarihinde Dostoyevski’yle ilgili birçok yorum vardır. Makalede bu yorumları yıllara ve ideolojik yaklaşımlara göre sınıflandırarak tanıtmaya çalıştım. Daha ilk eseriyle edebiyat çevrelerinin yoğun ilgisiyle karşılaşan Dostoyevski’nin özgün yeteneği ilk olarak çağdaş Rus eleştirisinin kurucusu Vissarion Bellinsky tarafından fark edilmiştir. Büyük romanlarını yazdığı yıllarda Bellinsky ölmüştür ve ardılları ile Dostoyevski’nin arasındaki ilişkiler soğumuştur. Dostoyevski’nin sanat dünyası, kişi yaşamını tümüyle toplumsal şartlara bağlayan eleştirmenler tarafından anlaşılamamıştır. Yirminci yüzyılın başında, Rus Devrimi öncesinde sembolistler Dostoyevski’yi yeniden “keşfetmiştir”. Bununla birlikte sembolistler, Dostoyevski’nin eserlerindeki felsefî ve etik sorunları dinselliğe indirgemiştir. 1917 Devrimi’nden hemen sonra, Sovyet eleştirmenler yazarın eserlerini tarih ve edebiyat akımlarına bağlı bir bakış açısıyla incelemiştir. Otuzlu, kırklı ve ellili yılların eleştirisinde, realizmi sanatta uygulanan ideoloji olarak kabul eden eleştirmenler, Dostoyevski’nin okurları üzerinde etkisini “zararlı” ilân etmişlerdir. Bu dönemde Sovyetler Birliği’nde Dostoyevski’nin eserleri yayınlanmamıştır. Altmışlı yıllarda Sovyet edebiyat bilimi realizm anlayışının sınırlarını genişletmiştir. Daha sonra, yetmişliseksenli yıllarda Dostoyevski’nin Rus realist edebiyatındaki yerini diğer Rus yazarlarla kıyaslama yoluyla belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Doksanlı yıllarda Rusya her alanda yeniden yapılanmaya başlamıştır. Bu yenilikler edebiyat ve sanat alanında da boy göstermiştir. Dostoyevski’nin yasaklı günleri sona ermiş, hakkında yeni yorumlar yayınlanmıştır.
There are many interpretations of Dostoevsky’s works in Russian literary criticism. In this article these interpretations are classified according to the year they were published and according to the ideological approaches underlying them. The founder of contemporary Russian criticism Vissarion Bellinsky was the first to discover the original talent of Dostoevsky who, even by the first work, had attracted the interest of the literary circles of his time. But Bellinsky died when Dostoevsky was writing his greatest novels, so the relations between Bellinsky’ successors and Dostoevsky changed. These critics who considered the life of a person totally dependent on the social conditions could not understand Dostoevsky’s art. In the beginning of the XXth century, before the Russan Revoluton, the symbolists “rediscovered” Dostoevsky. Nevertheless they have reduced the philosophical and ethical problems in Dostoevsky’s literary works totally to religious ones. Immediately after the 1917 Revolution, the Soviet critics approached the writer’s works from the prevailing historical and literary trends. In the literary criticism of the thirties, forties and fifties, the critics who considered realism as a ideology applied to arts, declared the influence of Dostoevsky upon his readers as “harmful”. In this period Dostoevsky’s works were not published in the Soviet Union. In the sixties, the Soviet literature critics have expanded the limits of the realism. Later, in the seventies and the eighties, they tried to determine the place of Dostoevsky’s work in the Russian realistic literature by comparing it with the work of other Russian writers. In the nineties, Russia began to reconstruct itself in every field. These renovations also occurred in the field of arts and literature. Thus new editions and new interpretations of Dostoevsky’s work were made.
There are many interpretations of Dostoevsky’s works in Russian literary criticism. In this article these interpretations are classified according to the year they were published and according to the ideological approaches underlying them. The founder of contemporary Russian criticism Vissarion Bellinsky was the first to discover the original talent of Dostoevsky who, even by the first work, had attracted the interest of the literary circles of his time. But Bellinsky died when Dostoevsky was writing his greatest novels, so the relations between Bellinsky’ successors and Dostoevsky changed. These critics who considered the life of a person totally dependent on the social conditions could not understand Dostoevsky’s art. In the beginning of the XXth century, before the Russan Revoluton, the symbolists “rediscovered” Dostoevsky. Nevertheless they have reduced the philosophical and ethical problems in Dostoevsky’s literary works totally to religious ones. Immediately after the 1917 Revolution, the Soviet critics approached the writer’s works from the prevailing historical and literary trends. In the literary criticism of the thirties, forties and fifties, the critics who considered realism as a ideology applied to arts, declared the influence of Dostoevsky upon his readers as “harmful”. In this period Dostoevsky’s works were not published in the Soviet Union. In the sixties, the Soviet literature critics have expanded the limits of the realism. Later, in the seventies and the eighties, they tried to determine the place of Dostoevsky’s work in the Russian realistic literature by comparing it with the work of other Russian writers. In the nineties, Russia began to reconstruct itself in every field. These renovations also occurred in the field of arts and literature. Thus new editions and new interpretations of Dostoevsky’s work were made.
Description
Keywords
Edebiyat, Eleştiri, Realizm, Yorum, Literature, Criticism, Realism, Interpretation
Citation
Hafızoğlu, L. (2003). ''Rus eleştiri tarihinde F.M. Dostoyevski''. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(5), 125-134.