Bursa yöresinde bulunan değişik gıda işletmelerinin hijyenik durumları üzerinde araştırmalar
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Date
1992
Authors
Turan, Gözde
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu araştırma Bursa ili ve yöresinde bulunan değişik gıda işletmelerinin hijyenik durumlarını, ürünlerin hangi noktalarda, ne oranda kontamine olduklarını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapıldı. Toplam 26 iş yerinden 278 örnek pamuk sürtme yöntemiyle alınacak toplam bakteri, Stafilokoklar, Koliform bakteriler, E.coli I, Salmonella ve Shigella yönünden araştırıldı. Ayrıca 100 adet gaita örneği kültür ve parazit yönünden incelendi. İşletmeler,et ve et ürünleri, süt ve süt ürünleri, un ve un ürünleri imal yerleri olarak üç ana gruba ayrıldı. Üretimin tüm aşamalarında kontaminasyon nedeni olabilecek hemen her unsur dikkate alınarak elde edilen örneklerin değer ortalamaları alındı. Et ürünleri imal yerlerinde en yüksek mikroorganizma sayısı zemin, işçi elleri, taşıma arabaları ve kıyma makinalarında bulundu. işçi ellerinde total bakteri sayısı 3.4 x 10 , Stafilokok 2.2 x 10°, Koliform bakteri 2.9 x 10 adet/cm2 olup 25 işçiden 21 inde E.coli I saptandı. Zeminde 8.9 x 10 total bakteri, 3.7 X 10 Stafilokok, 5.7 x 10 adet/cm2 Koliform bakteri ve tüm zeminlerde E.coli I saptandı. Taşıma arabalarında total bakteri sayısı 5.4 x 10" , Stafilokok 4 5.2 x 10", Koliform bakteri 2.4 x 10 adet/cm2 olarak bulundu. 6 adet taşıma arabasının tümünde E.coli I belirlendi. Kıyma makinalarında total bakteri sayısı 6.3 x 10 , Stafilokok 3 5.8 x 10', Koliform Bakteri 3.9 x 10 adet/cm2 olarak belirlendi.10 adet kıyma makinasının 6 sında E.coli I saptandı. Süt ve Süt ürünleri imal yerlerinden alınan örneklerde ise en yüksek sayıyı zeminler, İşçi elleri ve süt taşıma güğümleri verdi. isci ellerinde ortalama total bakteri 3.4 x 10 , Stafilokok 2.5 x 10", Koliform bakteri 2.1 x 10° adet/cm2 olarak belirlendi. 25 işçinin 15 inde E.coli I saptandı. Zeminde ortalama total bakteri sayısı 7.8 x 10 , Stafilokok 4 5.7 x 10°, Koliform bakteri 6.4 x 10 adet/cm2 olarak belirlendi. 10 adet zeminin tümünde E.coli I belirlendi. 10 Adet süt taşıma güğümünün ortalamasında ise total bakteri . 3 1.7 X 10 , Stafilokok 5.3 x 10 , Koliform bakteri 3.4 x 10 adet/cm2 olup 6 tümünde E.coli I saptandı. Unlu ürünler imal yerlerinde en yüksek mikroorganizma işçi elleri ve zeminde saptandı. işçi ellerinde total bakteri 2.4 x 10 , Stafilokok 2.1 x 10 2 Koliform bakteri 2.3 x 10 adet/cm2 olarak belirlendi. 10 işçiden beşinde E.coli I saptandı. 7 Zeminde total bakteri 6.5 x 10 , Stafilokok 4.2 x 10 Koliform bakteri 7.2 x 10 adet/cm2 olarak belirlendi. Tüm zeminlerde E.coli I saptandı. Tüm İşletmelerde en yüksek mikroorganizma ortalaması zemin ve işçi ellerinde, en düşük mikroorganizma ortalaması ise ekmek kürekleri ve pasta tepsilerinde saptandı. Salmonella ve Shigellaya hiç bir işletmenin araç gereç ve zemininde rastlanmadı. 26 işletmenin personelinden alınan toplam 100 gaita örneğinde yapılan incelemelerde, 3 işçide Sh.flexnerii, 6 işçide de parazit belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Bursa yöresindeki gıda işletmelerinin bazılarında genellikle hijyenik koşullara uyulmadığı, personelin gıda sanitasyonunu gerçekleştirebilecek bilinç düzeyinin oldukça altında bulundukları saptandı. ilgili yasalarda yapılacak düzenlemelerle, bilinçli bir hijyenik tasarım ve sanitasyon programının uygulanabilmesi için, konunun eğitimini yapmış uzmanlara, kontrol ve üretim aşamasında insiyatif tanınmasının zorunlu olduğu belirlendi.
This research was made in order to find out the hygienic condi tions of the food plants in Bursa for determination of contamination points and degrees on the products. 278 samples were taken from twentysix plants and total jerm, Staphylococcus, Coliform bacteria, E.coli I, Salmonella and Shigella were investigated by cotton-swab method. Also 100 faecal samples were determined for culture and parasites. Plants were divided in three main groups; meat and meat products milk and milk products, flour and flour products. The average values of samples were taken, in which every factor that could be the cause of contamination in all production ranks was remarked . The highest value of microorganisms in meat product plants were workers' hands, found on ground, transportation vehicles and chopping machines. On workers' hands total jerm 3.4 x 10 , Staphylococcus 2.2x10° Coliform bacteria 2.9 x 10 per cm and E.coli I in twentyone of twentyfive 7 5 were found approximately. 6 Total jerm 8.9 x 10 , Staphylococcus 3.7 x 10 , Coliform bacteria 5.7 x 10 per cm2 were found approximately and on all grounds.E.coli I was determined. On transportation vehicles there were 5.4 x 10 total jerm, 5.2 x 10' Staphylococcus, 2.4 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 approximately. E.coli I was determined all vehicles. On chopping machines 6.3 x 10 total jerm, 5.8 X 10 Staphylo 3 coccus, 3.9 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 were determined approximately. E.coli I was found in six of ten chopping machines. Workers' hands, ground and milk kettles gave the highest micro organism on milk plants. 7 An average value of 3.4 x 10 total jerm, 2.5 x 10 Staphylococcus, 2.1 x 10 Coliform bacteria per cm2 were determined approximately in workers' hands. Also E.coli I was found in fifteen of twentyfive. on ground an average value of 7.8 x 10 total jerm, 5.7 x 10 Staphylococcus, 6.4 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 were found approximately. On all grounds E.coli I was determined. On ten kettles samples total jerm 1.7 x 10 , Staphylococcus 4 5.3 x 10 Coliform bacteria 6.4 x 10 per cm2 were determined approximately and in all kettles samples E.coli I was determined. Workers' hands and ground gave the highest microorganisms on flour products' plants. 5 On workers' hands there were 2.4 x 10 total jerm, 2.1 x 10 Staphylococcus, 2.3 x 10 Coliform bacteria per cm2 approximately and E.coli ay was determined in five of ten. Besides the determination of E.coli I on all grounds, total jerm 6.5 x 10 , Staphylococcus 4.2 x 10 , Coliform bacteria 7.2 x 10 per cm2 were found on grounds approximately. In all plants the highest microorganisms mean were determined in ground and workers' hands and lowest were bread peels and cake pans. Neither Salmonella nor Shigella were encountered in equipments and grounds of all plants. In 100 faeces samples were taken from personnel of twentysix plants Sh.flexnerii was found in three and parasite in six. As a result, in some food plants in Bursa usually hygienic conditions were not executed and the workers were not obey the sanitation consciense. Besides adequate changes which will be made in related laws, it will be necessary to show initiative to specialized people who studied on sanitation and hygienic represantation in control and production units.
This research was made in order to find out the hygienic condi tions of the food plants in Bursa for determination of contamination points and degrees on the products. 278 samples were taken from twentysix plants and total jerm, Staphylococcus, Coliform bacteria, E.coli I, Salmonella and Shigella were investigated by cotton-swab method. Also 100 faecal samples were determined for culture and parasites. Plants were divided in three main groups; meat and meat products milk and milk products, flour and flour products. The average values of samples were taken, in which every factor that could be the cause of contamination in all production ranks was remarked . The highest value of microorganisms in meat product plants were workers' hands, found on ground, transportation vehicles and chopping machines. On workers' hands total jerm 3.4 x 10 , Staphylococcus 2.2x10° Coliform bacteria 2.9 x 10 per cm and E.coli I in twentyone of twentyfive 7 5 were found approximately. 6 Total jerm 8.9 x 10 , Staphylococcus 3.7 x 10 , Coliform bacteria 5.7 x 10 per cm2 were found approximately and on all grounds.E.coli I was determined. On transportation vehicles there were 5.4 x 10 total jerm, 5.2 x 10' Staphylococcus, 2.4 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 approximately. E.coli I was determined all vehicles. On chopping machines 6.3 x 10 total jerm, 5.8 X 10 Staphylo 3 coccus, 3.9 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 were determined approximately. E.coli I was found in six of ten chopping machines. Workers' hands, ground and milk kettles gave the highest micro organism on milk plants. 7 An average value of 3.4 x 10 total jerm, 2.5 x 10 Staphylococcus, 2.1 x 10 Coliform bacteria per cm2 were determined approximately in workers' hands. Also E.coli I was found in fifteen of twentyfive. on ground an average value of 7.8 x 10 total jerm, 5.7 x 10 Staphylococcus, 6.4 x 10 coliform bacteria per cm2 were found approximately. On all grounds E.coli I was determined. On ten kettles samples total jerm 1.7 x 10 , Staphylococcus 4 5.3 x 10 Coliform bacteria 6.4 x 10 per cm2 were determined approximately and in all kettles samples E.coli I was determined. Workers' hands and ground gave the highest microorganisms on flour products' plants. 5 On workers' hands there were 2.4 x 10 total jerm, 2.1 x 10 Staphylococcus, 2.3 x 10 Coliform bacteria per cm2 approximately and E.coli ay was determined in five of ten. Besides the determination of E.coli I on all grounds, total jerm 6.5 x 10 , Staphylococcus 4.2 x 10 , Coliform bacteria 7.2 x 10 per cm2 were found on grounds approximately. In all plants the highest microorganisms mean were determined in ground and workers' hands and lowest were bread peels and cake pans. Neither Salmonella nor Shigella were encountered in equipments and grounds of all plants. In 100 faeces samples were taken from personnel of twentysix plants Sh.flexnerii was found in three and parasite in six. As a result, in some food plants in Bursa usually hygienic conditions were not executed and the workers were not obey the sanitation consciense. Besides adequate changes which will be made in related laws, it will be necessary to show initiative to specialized people who studied on sanitation and hygienic represantation in control and production units.
Description
Keywords
Gıda işletmeleri, Hijyenik, Food businesses, Hygienic
Citation
Turan, G. (1992). Bursa yöresinde bulunan değişik gıda işletmelerinin hijyenik durumları üzerinde araştırmalar. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.