Beyaz peynirlerde potasyum nitrat kullanımının kalite üzerine etkileri
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Date
1993
Authors
Eskicioğlu, Merih
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Araştırma, beyaz peynirlere işlenecek çiğ süte farklı oranlarda potasyum nitrat (KN03) ilave edilerek, beyaz peynirlerde KN03'm mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal kalite üzerine etkilerini ve 90 günlük olgunlaşma süresi sonunda nitrat miktarmı saptamak amacı ile yapıldı. Bu amaçla aynı teknoloji uygulanarak; çiğ sütten, çiğ süte % 0.05, % 0.1 ve % 0.2 oranlarında KN03 ilave edilerek dört ayrı beyaz peynir yapıldı ve her bir işlem iki kez tekrarlandı. Peynire işlenecek sütlerden ve peynirlerin olgunlaşma aşamasında 1, 15, 30, 60 ve 90 günlük peynirlerden örnekler alınarak incelendi. Alman süt ve peynir örneklerinden mikrobiyolojik olarak Aerob Genel Canlı, Koliform, Laktik Streptokok, Fekal Streptokok, Laktobasil, Klostridium, Stafılokok sayılan (kb/ml - kb/g) saptandı. Kimyasal olarak ise pH, asidite, yağ, kuru madde, tuz ve nitrat değerleri ölçüldü. Farklı oranlarda KN03 katılan beyaz peynik örneklerinde olgunlaşma süresince Aerob Genel Canlı, Laktik Streptokok, Fekal Streptokok, Laktobasil sayıları, eklenen KN03 oranlarıyla uyumlu olarak azalma gösterdi. Tüm peynir örneklerinde 90 günlük olgunlaşma süresinci Klostridium ve Stafilokoklara rastlanılmadı. Kimyasal analiz bulguları sonucunda, KN03 eklenen peynirlerde de salamura prosesinin normal olduğu saptandı. 1KN03 ilaveli beyaz peynirlerin olgunlaşması sırasında, her iki partideki tüm peynir örneklerinde ilk onbeş gün nitrat miktarları, başlangıçta peynir sütüne ilave edilen KN03 miktarları ile orantılı olarak, hafif artış gösterdi. Olgunlaşmanın 15. gününden sonra nitrat tüm peynir örneklerinde hızla düşmeye başladı ve 90. gün 1. ve 2. partide, % 0.05, %0.1 ve % 0.2 oranlarında KN03 ilaveli peynirlerde nitrat miktarı sırasıyla; 3.95 - 3.853 mg/kg, 9.57 - 7.592 mg/kg, 12.04 - 14.529 mg/kg olarak bulundu. Peynirlerde nitratın son düzeyi başlangıçta peynir sütüne eklenen KN03 miktarı ile orantılı idi. Aynı zamanda, nitratların redüksiyon hızı koliform bakteri sayısı ile de orantılı idi. Koliform mikroorganizma sayısı 105 kb/g üzerinde olduğunda nitrat redüksiyomı hızlı oldu. Bu sayının 103 kb/g altmda olduğu peynirlerde (% 0.2 KN03 ilaveli) nitrat redüksiyonu yavaşladı ve nitrat kalıntısı bu nedenle de fazla oldu. Nitrat konsantrasyonunun daha düşük olduğu (% 0.05 ve % 0.1) peynirlerde, nitratın koliform bakteri sayısı üzerine fazla etkisi olmadı. Ancak nitrat oranının yüksek olduğu (% 0.2) peynirlerde, Koliform bakteri çoğalması inhibe olarak, sayıları daha düşük (102 kb/g) bulundu. Çiğ süt peynirinde koliform bakterilere bağlı göz oluşumu saptandı. KN03 ilaveli peynirlerde ise gözler oluşmadı. Ancak, % 0.1 ve % 0.2 oranlarında KN03 eklenen peynirlerin organoleptik özellikleri daha üstündü.
In this research we investigated the effects of potassium: nitrate (KN03) added to cheese raw milk to be processed in different amounts on the microbiological and chemical qualities of cheeses and determined the nitrate residues at the end of a 90 - day ripening period. Four different white cheeses were produced by the same technology. First from raw milk, the remaning three cheeses from raw milk being added 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03. Each procedure performed twice. We got samples from the cheese raw milk and from cheeses on the 1 sth, 15 th, 30 th, 60 th and 90 th days during ripening period. These samples were examined microbiologicaly and total Aerobs, Coliform, Lactic streptococcus, Fecal streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus counts were determined. Chemically pH, acidity, fat, dry matter, salt and nitrate values were measured. During the ripening period total Aerobs, Lactic streptococcus, Fecal streptococcus, Lactobacillus counts decreased concordantly with the amounts of KN03 added in the white cheeses containing different amounts of KN03. At the end of a 90 - day ripening period, no Clostridium and Staphylococcus were found in the samples.Chemical analysis results showed that brine process were normal in the KN03 containing cheeses. During ripening period of KN03 containing cheeses KN03 contents of all the samples slightly increased (in the first 15 days) concordantly with the initial KN03 levels in both series. Nitrate contents of all the samples began to decrease significantly after the 15 th day of ripening and on the 90 th day the nitrate contents of the cheeses (initially containing 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03) were as follows; (first and second series) 3.95 - 3.853 mg/kg, 9.57 - 7.592 mg/kg, 12.04 - 14.529 mg/kg respectively. Terminal N03 contents of the cheeses were in corelation with, the initial N03 amounts added to cheese raw milk. Alsa nitrate reduction speed were corelating with the Coliform counts. When the Coliform counts were more than 105 g, nitrate reduction was fast and there for remaining nitrate amount was high. Nitrate had no effects on the Coliform counts, in the cheeses containing low N03 (0.05 % and 0.1 %). However, in the cheeses containing high nitrate (0.2 %), Coliform growth was inhibited and thus their counts were low (102 g). In the raw milk cheese eye forming due to Coliform bacteria was seen. Where as there was no eye forming in the KN03 containing cheeses. Organoleptic properties of cheeses containing 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03 were of superior quality.
In this research we investigated the effects of potassium: nitrate (KN03) added to cheese raw milk to be processed in different amounts on the microbiological and chemical qualities of cheeses and determined the nitrate residues at the end of a 90 - day ripening period. Four different white cheeses were produced by the same technology. First from raw milk, the remaning three cheeses from raw milk being added 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03. Each procedure performed twice. We got samples from the cheese raw milk and from cheeses on the 1 sth, 15 th, 30 th, 60 th and 90 th days during ripening period. These samples were examined microbiologicaly and total Aerobs, Coliform, Lactic streptococcus, Fecal streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus counts were determined. Chemically pH, acidity, fat, dry matter, salt and nitrate values were measured. During the ripening period total Aerobs, Lactic streptococcus, Fecal streptococcus, Lactobacillus counts decreased concordantly with the amounts of KN03 added in the white cheeses containing different amounts of KN03. At the end of a 90 - day ripening period, no Clostridium and Staphylococcus were found in the samples.Chemical analysis results showed that brine process were normal in the KN03 containing cheeses. During ripening period of KN03 containing cheeses KN03 contents of all the samples slightly increased (in the first 15 days) concordantly with the initial KN03 levels in both series. Nitrate contents of all the samples began to decrease significantly after the 15 th day of ripening and on the 90 th day the nitrate contents of the cheeses (initially containing 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03) were as follows; (first and second series) 3.95 - 3.853 mg/kg, 9.57 - 7.592 mg/kg, 12.04 - 14.529 mg/kg respectively. Terminal N03 contents of the cheeses were in corelation with, the initial N03 amounts added to cheese raw milk. Alsa nitrate reduction speed were corelating with the Coliform counts. When the Coliform counts were more than 105 g, nitrate reduction was fast and there for remaining nitrate amount was high. Nitrate had no effects on the Coliform counts, in the cheeses containing low N03 (0.05 % and 0.1 %). However, in the cheeses containing high nitrate (0.2 %), Coliform growth was inhibited and thus their counts were low (102 g). In the raw milk cheese eye forming due to Coliform bacteria was seen. Where as there was no eye forming in the KN03 containing cheeses. Organoleptic properties of cheeses containing 0.1 % and 0.2 % KN03 were of superior quality.
Description
Keywords
Beyaz peynir, Koliform bakteri, Gaz defektleri, Nitrat, Kimyasal kalite, White cheese, Coliform bacteria, Gas defects, Nitrate, Chemical quality
Citation
Eskicioğlu, M. (1993). Beyaz peynirlerde potasyum nitrat kullanımının kalite üzerine etkileri. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.