2009 Cilt 2 Sayı 2

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11452/3786

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An exploratory study of female juvenile offenders: Harris County, Texas, 1993-2004
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Jackson, Valerie D.; Foster, Jennifer N.; Taranath-Sanghavi, Moni; Walker, Bonnie J.
Female offenders are the fastest growing population in the criminal justice system. The purpose of this study is to determine the month or months that most female juvenile offenses occur in Harris County (the largest county in the State of Texas), identify the average age of the offender, investigate the possibility of a relationship between ethnicity and referrals for offense of females identified in this population, evaluate the rate of increase/decrease of female juvenile referrals to the Harris County Juvenile Probation Department annually and over an 11-year period. The researchers obtained system information (offense date, age, date of birth and race) for 18,790 female juvenile offenders that were referred to the Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD) from 1993-2004. The results indicated that during the 11-year time frame, the profile of juvenile offender became older (average age being 10 in 1993 and 14.5 by 2004) and more likely to be a minority (Latina or African American). Also, the month in which female juvenile offenders were most frequently referred to HCJD was December, followed by March and April. An evaluation of female juveniles referred between 1993 – 2004 to HCJPD compared to the Harris County female juvenile population showed a disproportionate representation of African American females entering the juvenile justice system for the first time. Finally, there was a significant increase in referrals seen from 1999 (878 referrals) to 2000 (3,408 referrals). Factors that may have contributed to these findings included: sexual, emotional, and physical abuse; mental illness, societal trends′, and juvenile laws and regulations.
The contributions of female independence and gender equality to rape in metropolitan areas
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Lee, Daniel R.; Hilinski, Carly M.; Clevenger, Shelly
Recent examinations have placed importance on gender equality and women’s independence as determinants of violence against women. These examinations have resulted in mixed results about the importance of different theoretical constructs and levels of analysis. This examination integrates macro strain constructs with the feminist perspective and utilizes the Uniform Crime Reports U.S Census data from year 2000 to determine how gender differences in social and economic status can be used to explain rape rates in the 75 most populated Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs). Implications for future research based on these results are presented and discussed.
Depictions of female offenders in front-page newspaper stories: The importance of race/ethnicity
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Brennan, Pauline K.; Vandenberg, Abby L.
This paper examined how a female offender’s race/ethnicity influenced how she was portrayed by the media. Existing literature on gender stereotypes, racial and ethnic stereotypes, and media depictions of offenders provided the basis for this study. Few have focused solely on the media’s treatment of offenders, in general, and fewer have looked closely at how the media depict female offenders, in particular. This study, therefore, filled a void. We predicted that minority women would be portrayed less favorably than white women, and conducted a content analysis of front-page newspaper articles that featured female offenders to test our expectation. The articles were gathered from two different U.S. newspapers for the 2006 calendar year—the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times. We found that stories about white female offenders were more likely to contain excuses for their alleged or actual offenses and were, therefore, more likely to take on an overall favorable tone than stories about minority female offenders.
Explaining fear of crime as fear of rape among college females: An examination of multiple campuses in the United States
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Dobbs, Rhonda R.; Waid, Courtney A.; Shelley, Tara O’Connor
Given the fact that women are less likely to experience crime victimization than males, researchers have been puzzled for decades as to why women experience higher levels of fear of victimization. Scholars such as Warr (1984) and Ferraro (1995, 1996) argue that the fear of rape that females experience shadows fear of other crime, as rape is viewed by females as a cotemporaneous offense that may lead to other offenses. The present study examines the impact of fear of rape on the overall fear of crime for men and women on college campuses. While women are significantly more fearful of crime prior to controlling for fear of rape, the findings indicate that once fear of rape is considered, women’s higher fear of other crimes seems to diminish such that there are either no sex differences in fear or men are more fearful than women. Relevant policy implications are discussed.
Gender dynamics in homeownership: A gender system and contract theoretical framework for analysing gender inequality in homeownership in urban Uganda
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Asiimwe, Florence Akiiki
This paper presents Hirdman’s gender system and contract theory to examine the unequal gender relations in homeownership in an urban Ugandan partriarchal society. The theoretical point of departure is that married women are usually in the subordinate position in homeownership. For married women to become homeowners in a patriarchal society, it is an uphill task. Special conditions that include: a married woman’s control of income; assertiveness, compromise and a husband being in a financial crisis are needed for a married woman to become a homeowner. A qualitative research design was adopted to capture men and women’s experiences with regard to home ownership. Drawing on married couples’ life stories, the paper presents two empirical examples designed to demonstrate the application of the framework in understanding gender dynamics in home ownership and how this inequality comes about. The findings of this research suggest that homeownership is contextual and complex at interpersonal and cultural ideological levels. There are specific processes under which gender inequalities in homeownership are produced, reproduced and sometimes challenged in social practices, an indication that the gender system is subject to change under particular circumstances. The main contribution to this study is the understanding of the complex dynamics of homeownership among middle class urban women. It brings to light that there should be no generalisation of women’s problems in terms of homeownership because each story presents different elements of the homeownership gender contract. This research adds to the existing knowledge on the complex relationship between married women and their husbands in as far as home ownership is concerned in developing countries in general and Uganda in particular. The study further contributes to the theoretical insights in the understanding of homeownership gender dynamics in developing countries.
Moving beyond the binary: Exploring the dimensions of gender presentation and orientation
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Lenning, Emily
The goal of this paper is to provide a forum or discussion of the problematic nature of gendered language as it is currently employed by social scientists in particular, and the larger culture in general. Drawing from my previous research – a 2008 study in which a large-scale qualitative survey that included 249 individuals who identified as transgender, and 55 individuals who were in committed relationships with transgender people – we are able to see that the issue of language, it’s construction, and it’s use in informal conversation and especially scientific discourse is a topic in need of further exploration and theorizing. Informed by the participants in my study, I question the utility of the current language to describe not only the transgender experience, but the experiences of those who embrace traditional gender roles as well.
Poly-substance use among male and female street youth in Toronto, Canada
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Kirst, Maritt J.; Erickson, Patricia; Strike, Carol
Street-involved youth experience high rates of alcohol and other drug use, which put them at risk for other health-related problems including substance dependence, infectious diseases, drug overdose and victimization. There is limited research on gender differences in poly-substance use among street-involved youth. In this study of 150 street youth in Toronto, Canada, we explore the effects of gender, health and social factors on alcohol and other drug use. Multivariate regression analyses were used to create models predicting the number of substances (alcohol and illicit drugs) used in the last 30 days before interview. The mean number of substances used by the female and male street youth was 2.1 and 2.5, respectively, with up to seven used in total. Multivariate analyses showed that different factors were associated with poly-substance use for female street youth compared to male street youth. These results highlight gender-specific factors to be considered in developing preventive approaches and supportive services for homeless youth with substance use problems.
Teaching history and its contribution to peace
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Alpargu, Mehmet; Sahin, Enis; Yazıcı, Serkan
The aim of this article is to discuss the roles historical studies can take in the construction of peaceful societies in the future by means of the value and function of historical data. The Methods applied for this aim include “peace education” and “historical empathy”. Through examining the related publications, peace education is discussed with specific attention payed to types of practices and defined curricula in numerous countries including Australia. It is also suggested that historical empathy can be used for solving historical problems and creating a mutual understanding between societies which are neighbors or share common past while they struggle with the globalization process. Both researchers and students who establish “historical empathy” can develop a different attitude towards the “other” as a basic problem of teaching history by finding new approaches and horizons. In this article, the difficulties encountered in when it comes to the practice of “peace education” and “historical empathy” include a peaceful understanding to individuals, dealing with the concepts like war and antagonism - all discussed in the light of academic views. Basic principals like “permanency” and “reciprocity” are elements of the methods recommended above and are argued for in the article within the scope of the question of whether or not history can serve World peace.
Un-doing gendered power relations through martial arts?
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Noel, HarmoniJoie
According to gender theories there is a power differential between men and women that leaves women vulnerable to violence. This paper seeks to analyze whether martial arts training has the potential to improve women‟s safety by challenging perceptions of their vulnerability. Findings from in-depth interviews with fourteen male and female martial artists show that, although martial artists hold normative beliefs about men‟s and women‟s bodies and their self-defense capabilities in general, they recognize that martial arts training can challenge stereotypical views about women‟s weakness and vulnerability to violence. Specifically, women described how they gained self-confidence and learned to protect themselves and men explained how they saw female martial artists as equals when it came to their physical abilities. As such, martial arts training may be one potential avenue for un-doing the inequitable power relations that exist between women and men.
When sissy boys become mainstream: Narrating Asian feminized masculinities in the global age
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Shiau, Hong-Chi; Chen, Chi-Chien
Since the 1990s, the appropriation of unconventional dressing codes to perform a new masculinity has gradually been normalized as a mainstream practice in East Asian societies. This paper addresses contradictory currents concerning gender representations operating in East Asia, a fast-growing, rapidly changing region. The personal narratives of nine Taiwanese men, who use unconventional dressing codes to present desirable selves, are analyzed. The men were asked to reflect upon life moments when their dress codes were either pleasurably achieved or bitterly confronted by significant others and higher authorities. The study emphasizes that researchers should place a greater emphasis on how individuals’ lived experiences respond to the postmodern, highly intertextual media environment, rather than on content or textual analysis of media representations of the popular culture scene. Our research participants’ narratives illuminate a site where hegemonic and alternative masculinities contest one another in search of an ever-changing self. Through an examination of the life narratives of these nine men, our study elicits meta-narratives to illustrate how some local and global actors become established in the East Asian post-capitalist identity politics.

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