Publication: Yerleşmeler tarihinde peyzaj bitkilerinin ilk kullanımları
Files
Date
2023-11-03
Authors
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bitki ve insan ilişkisi, Neolitik Çağ’dan itibaren insanların yerleşik hayata geçmeye başlaması ile farklı bir boyuta taşınmıştır. Avcılık ve toplayıcılık ile geçinen insan toplulukları tarımın keşfi ile birlikte verimli topraklar, temiz ve erişilebilir su, uygun iklim şartları ve yaşam alanı kurmak için yeterli doğal malzemenin bulunduğu bölgelerde, en az bir vejetasyon dönemi boyunca yerleşik düzene geçmeye başlamışlardır. Başlarda gıda üretimi amacı ile gelişen bu ilişki, zaman içinde bitkilerin estetik ve işlevsel özellikleri amacı ile kullanılmasına evrilmiştir. İlk kent denemelerinin ise Mezopotamya Uygarlıkları tarafından gerçekleştirildiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Mezopotamya Uygarlıklarına ilişkin geniş envanterleri bulunan The British Museum (İngiliz Müzesi), Louvre Museum (Louvre Müzesi), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi, New York), Ankara’daki Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi koleksiyonları incelenmiştir. Mezopotamya Uygarlıklarına ait buluntular tek tek incelenmiş ve üzerinde bitki figürü bulunan en eski buluntular araştırma kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Metropolitan Sanat Müzesi ile İngiliz Müzesi’nin Mezopotamya Uygarlıklarına ait ve üzerinde bitki figürleri bulunan en eski eserlere sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında bu müzelerden beş eser seçilmiş ve eserlerdeki bitki figürlerinin tür tespitleri yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Henüz global ticaret ağlarının gelişmediği, dolayısı ile bitkilerin evrildikleri anavatanlarında yaşamlarını sürdürdüğü kabul edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, incelenen eserlerde kullanılan bitki figürleri için tür tahminleri yapılırken bitkilerin anavatanlarına özellikle dikkat edilmiştir. Eserlerde bitkilerin alle bitkilendirmesi şeklinde yol kenarlarında ve sınırlarda kullanıldığı rahatlıkla görülebilmektedir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda hurma ağacı (Phoenix dactylifera L.) ve üzüm asması (Vitis vinifera L.) net şekilde tanımlanmış ve silindir mühürde ise Lübnan sedirinin (Cedrus libani L.) kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir.
The relationship between plants and humans has taken on a different dimension since the transition to settled life by humans, starting from the Neolithic Age. Human communities that relied on hunting and gathering began to establish settled societies for at least one vegetation period in regions where fertile lands, clean and accessible water, suitable climate conditions, and sufficient natural materials for establishing living spaces were available with the discovery of agriculture. Initially centered around food production, this relationship gradually evolved to encompass using plants for their aesthetic and functional qualities. The first attempts at urbanization are known to have been carried out by the Mesopotamian Civilizations. This study examined collections with extensive inventories related to Mesopotamian Civilizations from The British Museum, Louvre Museum, New York Metropolitan Museum, Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, and Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Artifacts associated with Mesopotamian Civilizations were individually studied, and the oldest artifacts featuring plant figures were included in the research scope. It was determined that the New York Metropolitan Museum and The British Museum possess the oldest artifacts related to Mesopotamian Civilizations and featuring plant figures. Within the scope of the research, five artifacts were selected from these museums, and attempts were made to identify the species of plant figures depicted in these artifacts. It is accepted that when global trade networks had not yet developed, plants continued to thrive in their regions of origin. In this context, when making species predictions for the plant figures used in the examined artifacts, particular attention was paid to the plants' regions of origin. Furthermore, the planting of plants in rows along roadsides and boundaries can easily be observed. As a result of the evaluations, the date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have been clearly identified, and it is believed that the cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani L.) was used on a cylinder seal.
The relationship between plants and humans has taken on a different dimension since the transition to settled life by humans, starting from the Neolithic Age. Human communities that relied on hunting and gathering began to establish settled societies for at least one vegetation period in regions where fertile lands, clean and accessible water, suitable climate conditions, and sufficient natural materials for establishing living spaces were available with the discovery of agriculture. Initially centered around food production, this relationship gradually evolved to encompass using plants for their aesthetic and functional qualities. The first attempts at urbanization are known to have been carried out by the Mesopotamian Civilizations. This study examined collections with extensive inventories related to Mesopotamian Civilizations from The British Museum, Louvre Museum, New York Metropolitan Museum, Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, and Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Artifacts associated with Mesopotamian Civilizations were individually studied, and the oldest artifacts featuring plant figures were included in the research scope. It was determined that the New York Metropolitan Museum and The British Museum possess the oldest artifacts related to Mesopotamian Civilizations and featuring plant figures. Within the scope of the research, five artifacts were selected from these museums, and attempts were made to identify the species of plant figures depicted in these artifacts. It is accepted that when global trade networks had not yet developed, plants continued to thrive in their regions of origin. In this context, when making species predictions for the plant figures used in the examined artifacts, particular attention was paid to the plants' regions of origin. Furthermore, the planting of plants in rows along roadsides and boundaries can easily be observed. As a result of the evaluations, the date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have been clearly identified, and it is believed that the cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani L.) was used on a cylinder seal.
Description
Keywords
Kentleşme, Mezopotamya, Yerleşmeler tarihi, Bitkisel tasarım, Peyzaj bitkileri, Urbanization, Mesopotamia, Landscape plants, History of settlements, Planting design
Citation
Zeybek, O. (2023). ''Yerleşmeler tarihinde peyzaj bitkilerinin ilk kullanımları''. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 459-475.