Mevlana ve Schopenhauer’ın insan anlayışlarının karşılaştırılması
Date
2024-07-08
Authors
Pamuk, Rabia Can
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi ve Arthur Schopenhauer’ın insan anlayışını ele almaktır. Bu iki düşünürün insan felsefesi bağlamında ele alınmasının sebebi düşünürlerin insan ve insanlığa dair özgeci içerik sunan bir ahlak ve insan anlayışı ortaya koymaları ve bu anlamda insan görüşlerinin evrensel bir değer taşımasıdır. Bu çalışmanın özellikle esas aldığı diğer neden de farklı dönemde yaşayan biri Doğu diğeri Batı düşüncesini temsil eden düşünürlerin keskin farklılıklarına rağmen benzer sonuçlara ulaşmalarıdır. Bu bağlamda en temel farklılık inanma olgusunda Schopenhauer’ın hiçbir dini benimsememesi ve içkin bir metafizik anlayışıyla ahlak görüşünü temellendirmesi buna karşın Mevlana’nın tam aksine dini esas alarak evrene aşkın bir bakış açısıyla ahlak görüşü ortaya koymasıdır. En temel benzerlikleri de insanın kendini bilmesi noktasında isteme kavramı bağlamında Schopenhauer, nefs kavramı bağlamında ise Mevlana nedenselliğe dayalı olan aklın dışına çıkmışlardır. Schopenhauer ahlakı merhamet ilkesi bağlamında metafiziksel bir alan olarak değerlendirir ve evrendeki birliği yaratan Kant’ın -kendinde şey- olarak adlandırdığı istemeyi kavrayacak ve birliği görecek insanı ahlak anlayışına konu edinir. Diğer yandan Mevlana din temelli bir bakış açısıyla tasavvuf öğretisi bağlamında aklı aşarak mistik bir insan ve ahlak anlayışına ulaşır. İnsân-ı kâmil ya da arif tasavvuru ile anlattığı bu insan nefsini bilen insan olarak ahlakın sırrına eren evrendeki birliği gören insandır. Bu yüzden Mevlana’da nefsini bilen insanın ulaştığı idrak “aşk” olarak ifade edilir ve bu aklın kavrayabileceği bir şey değildir. İşte bu çalışma bu argümanlardan hareketle düşünürlerin ahlak ve insan görüşlerindeki benzerlik ve farklılıklarını felsefi antropolojinin nesne ve yöntemini temel alarak özgün bir şekilde değerlendirmeye çalışmaktadır.
The purpose of this study is to address the understanding of humanity of Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi and Arthur Schopenhauer. The reason for examining these two thinkers in the context of human philosophy is that they both present a moral and human understanding that offers altruistic content regarding humans and humanity, and in this sense, their views on humanity hold universal value. Another primary reason for this study is that, despite the sharp differences between the thinkers, one representing Eastern thought and the other Western thought, wholived in different periods, they arrive at similar conclusions. In this context, themost fundamental difference lies in the concept of belief: Schopenhauer does notadopt any religion and grounds his moral views in an immanent metaphysical understanding, whereas Rumi, on the contrary, bases his moral views on religion,offering a transcendent perspective on the universe. Their most fundamental similarity is in the concept of self-knowledge: Schopenhauer, in the context of the concept of will, and Rumi, in the context of the concept of self (nafs), both transcend the rationality based on causality. Schopenhauer evaluates morality as a metaphysical realm within the principle of compassion and focuses on the human being who will comprehend and see the unity in the universe, which Kant refers to as the "thing-in-itself" (noumenon) called will. On the other hand, Rumi, with a religion-based perspective, transcends rationality through the teachings of Sufism and reaches a mystical understanding of humanity and morality. The human being he describes with the conception of the "perfect human being" (Insân-ı kâmil) or "gnostic" (Arif) is one who knows his self (nafs), attains the secret of morality, and sees the unity in the universe. Therefore, in Rumi's view, the comprehension attained by the person who knows their self is expressed as "love," which is something beyond the grasp of reason. Hence, this study attempts to uniquely evaluate the similarities and differences in the thinkers' views on morality and humanity, based on the object and method of philosophical anthropology, drawing from these arguments.
The purpose of this study is to address the understanding of humanity of Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi and Arthur Schopenhauer. The reason for examining these two thinkers in the context of human philosophy is that they both present a moral and human understanding that offers altruistic content regarding humans and humanity, and in this sense, their views on humanity hold universal value. Another primary reason for this study is that, despite the sharp differences between the thinkers, one representing Eastern thought and the other Western thought, wholived in different periods, they arrive at similar conclusions. In this context, themost fundamental difference lies in the concept of belief: Schopenhauer does notadopt any religion and grounds his moral views in an immanent metaphysical understanding, whereas Rumi, on the contrary, bases his moral views on religion,offering a transcendent perspective on the universe. Their most fundamental similarity is in the concept of self-knowledge: Schopenhauer, in the context of the concept of will, and Rumi, in the context of the concept of self (nafs), both transcend the rationality based on causality. Schopenhauer evaluates morality as a metaphysical realm within the principle of compassion and focuses on the human being who will comprehend and see the unity in the universe, which Kant refers to as the "thing-in-itself" (noumenon) called will. On the other hand, Rumi, with a religion-based perspective, transcends rationality through the teachings of Sufism and reaches a mystical understanding of humanity and morality. The human being he describes with the conception of the "perfect human being" (Insân-ı kâmil) or "gnostic" (Arif) is one who knows his self (nafs), attains the secret of morality, and sees the unity in the universe. Therefore, in Rumi's view, the comprehension attained by the person who knows their self is expressed as "love," which is something beyond the grasp of reason. Hence, this study attempts to uniquely evaluate the similarities and differences in the thinkers' views on morality and humanity, based on the object and method of philosophical anthropology, drawing from these arguments.
Description
Keywords
İnsan felsefesi, Etik (ahlak), İsteme, Nefs, Merhamet, Ulu insan, İnsân-ı kâmil, Philosophy of humanity, Ethics (morality), Will, Self (nafs), Compassion, Great human, Perfect human (Insân-ı Kâmil)