Pers ordu teşkilatı ve harp tarihi: Düzen, strateji ve muharebeler
Date
2024-05-09
Authors
Sezer, Deniz Serhad
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Çalışmanın tarihi sınırları II. Kyros’un hükümdarlığından başlayarak (MÖ 559) son Pers Kralı III. Dareios’un tahttan indiği (MÖ 331) yılına kadar olan süreci kapsamaktadır. Bir başka deyişle bu zaman dilimi Akhaimenid Hanedanlığı dönemi olarak da ifade edilebilmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı: Pers ordusu ve harp tarihi ile ilgili bilgileri Antik kaynaklardan toplayarak, bunları arkeolojik ve nümizmatik verilerle karşılaştırarak, modern kaynakların da katkısıyla bir Pers ordu teşkilatı içeriği oluşturabilmektir. Bu ana başlığın altında da Pers ordusunun teşkilat yapısının hangi düzende işlediği, ordunun kullandığı askeri stratejiler ve Pers ordusunun hangi savaşlarda, ne koşullarda bulunduğuna açıklık getirebilmek çalışmanın diğer önemli hedeflerinden birisidir. Özellikle, Antik Yunan kaynaklarında geçen farklı asker sayıları hakkındaki çelişkili veriler; niteliksel ve niceliksel sorunlar meydana getireceğinden bunlar hakkında olası varsayımlar öne sürülmüştür. Pers ordu teşkilatının Assur ve Medlerin geleneklerinden etkilenerek oluşturulduğu ve yapısal olarak da bu halkların geleneklerini yansıttığı söylenebilir. Pers devleti kurulduktan sonra Büyük Kyros dönemi itibariyle profesyonel bir ordu mevcut değil iken, sınırlar genişledikçe büyük ve profesyonel bir ordu biçimine dönüşmüştür. Komuta hiyerarşisinde Persler ve Medler her zaman üst kademelerde söz sahibi olmuştur. Özellikle, Yunanlar ile yapılan savaşlar sonrasında ise ağır zırhlı piyade eksikliği görülmüş, bu doğrultuda da başta Yunanlar olmak üzere paralı askerler de genişleyen Pers ordusu içerisinde görev yapmaya başlamıştır. Ordu profesyonelleştikten sonra kara birlikleri, piyade, süvari ve savaş arabaları şeklinde örgütlenirken; donanma ise Fenikeliler, Yunanlar ve Mısırlılar etrafında oluşturulmuştur. Bunun sebebi de Perslerin bir kara devleti oluşu, kendilerine ait bir deniz kültürlerinin olmayışı, gemi ve denizcilerinin de bulunmamasıdır.
The historical boundaries of the study cover the period from the reign of Cyrus II (559 BC) to the abdication of the last Persian king Dareios III (331 BC). In other words, this period can also be referred to as the period of the Achaemenid Dynasty. The main purpose of the study: By collecting information about the Persian army and the history of warfare from ancient sources, comparing them with archaeological and numismatic data and with the contribution of modern sources, to create a Persian military organisation content. Under this main heading, one of the other important objectives of this study is to clarifythe organisational structure of the Persian army, the military strategies used by the army, and the conditions under which the Persian army fought in which wars. In particular, the contradictory data on the different numbers of soldiers mentioned in the ancient Greek sources have been put forward as probable hypotheses, since they pose qualitative and quantitative problems. It can be said that the Persian military organisation was influenced by the traditions of Assyria and the Medes and structurally reflected the traditions of these peoples. After the establishment of the Persian state, while there was no professional army as of the period of Cyrus the Great, it turned into a large and professional army as the borders expanded. In the command hierarchy, Persians and Medes always had a say in the upper echelons. Especially after the wars with the Greeks, there was a shortage of heavily armoured infantry, and in this direction, mercenaries, especially Greeks, began to serve in the expanding Persian army. After the army became professionalised, land troops were organised as infantry, cavalry and chariots, while the navy was formed around the Phoenicians, Greeks and Egyptians. The reason for this is that the Persians were a land state, they did not have a maritime culture of their own, and they did not have ships and sailors.
The historical boundaries of the study cover the period from the reign of Cyrus II (559 BC) to the abdication of the last Persian king Dareios III (331 BC). In other words, this period can also be referred to as the period of the Achaemenid Dynasty. The main purpose of the study: By collecting information about the Persian army and the history of warfare from ancient sources, comparing them with archaeological and numismatic data and with the contribution of modern sources, to create a Persian military organisation content. Under this main heading, one of the other important objectives of this study is to clarifythe organisational structure of the Persian army, the military strategies used by the army, and the conditions under which the Persian army fought in which wars. In particular, the contradictory data on the different numbers of soldiers mentioned in the ancient Greek sources have been put forward as probable hypotheses, since they pose qualitative and quantitative problems. It can be said that the Persian military organisation was influenced by the traditions of Assyria and the Medes and structurally reflected the traditions of these peoples. After the establishment of the Persian state, while there was no professional army as of the period of Cyrus the Great, it turned into a large and professional army as the borders expanded. In the command hierarchy, Persians and Medes always had a say in the upper echelons. Especially after the wars with the Greeks, there was a shortage of heavily armoured infantry, and in this direction, mercenaries, especially Greeks, began to serve in the expanding Persian army. After the army became professionalised, land troops were organised as infantry, cavalry and chariots, while the navy was formed around the Phoenicians, Greeks and Egyptians. The reason for this is that the Persians were a land state, they did not have a maritime culture of their own, and they did not have ships and sailors.
Description
Keywords
Pers, Pers ordusu, Granikos, Issos, Gaugamela, Persian, Persian military, Granicus, Issus