Bursa ve çevresinde yetiştirilen eriklerde tomurcuk dinlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma
Date
1987-09
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmadaki araştırmalar 1986-1987 yıllarında Uludağ Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümünde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Bursa ve yöresinin yetiştiriciliği yapılan bazı önemli erik çeşitlerinde çiçek ve yaprak tomurcuklarının dinlenme müddetleri ve safhaları tespit edilmiş; ayrıca tomurcukların dinlenmeleri üzerine doğal soğuklama sürelerinin farklı zamanlardaki etkileri ile çiçek ve yaprak tomurcuklarının soğuklama istekleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlar özet olarak aşağıda verilmiştir. A) İncelenen erik çeşitlerinde tomurcukların yaz aylarında diğer organlara bağlı olarak oluşan “korelatif”(nispi); bunu izleyen döneme “gerçek (içsel)” ve daha sonra kış başlangıcından itibaren “zorunlu” dinlenme dönemlerini geçirdikleri belirlenmiştir. B) Korelatif (nispi) dinlenme döneminde özellikle yaprak tomurcukları ağaçtan uzaklaştırıldıklarında sürmüşlerdir; bu dönemdeki sürme oranı ve süresi çeşitlere göre değişmektedir. Gerçek dinlenme dönemine giren yaprak ve çiçek tomurcukları, her çeşitte kendine özgü olarak, bu dönemde sürmemişlerdir. +7⁰C altında bir süre soğuk ihtiyacını tamamlayan ve gerçek dinlenmeden çıkan tomurcuklar ise, zorunlu dinlenme dönemine girmiştir; bu döneme giren ağaçlardan alınan örneklerde tomurcuklar sürmüşlerdir. Bu süre durumu da çeşitlere göre farklı olmuştur. C) Özellikle gerçek dinlenmeden çıkan anında çeşitlerin çiçek tomurcukları yaprak tomurcuklarına göre kısa ilk sürme ve ortalama bütün sürelerine sahip olmuşlar, çeşitler ise şöyle sıralanmışlardır: İlk sürme süresi gün olarak kısa olan erik çeşidi Papaz’dır ve buna Havran, Aynabakan, Stanley, Prosident ve Giant erik çeşitleri izlemiştir. Ortalama sürme süresi gün olarak en kısa olan yine Papaz erik çeşididir, ancak bunu Stanley, Havran, Aynabakan, President ve Giant erik çeşitleri izlemiştir. D) Çeşitler ve yaprak tomurcukları ile çiçek tomurcukları arasında sürme oranı yönünden beliren farklılıklar, yaprak tomurcuklarında daha çok gerçek dinlenmeye girerken ve çıkarken; çiçek tomurcuklarında ise dinlenmeden çıkarken görülmüştür. Gerçek dinlenmeden çıkarken çiçek tomurcukları daima yaprak tomurcuklarına göre daha yüksek sürme oranı vermişler, çeşitler ise sürme oranları yönünden şöyle sıralanmışlardır. En yüksek sürme oranları Giant President erik çeşitlerinde belirlenmiş, bunu sırası ile Aynabakan, Havran, Stanley ve Papaz erik çeşitleri izlemiştir. E) Denemeye alınan erik çeşitlerinden Papaz, Havran ve Aynabakan çeşitlerinde yaprak ve çiçek tomurcuklarının dinlenmeye giriş ve çıkış zamanları farklı olmuş, aynı durum Stanley, President ve Giant erik çeşitlerinde de tespit edilmiştir. Gerçek dinlenme süresi Papaz erik çeşidinde 106-134 gün (yaprak tomurcuklarında Eylül sonu-Ocak ortası, çiçek tomurcuklarında Ağustos sonu Ocak başı); Havran ve Aynabakan erik çeşitlerinde 117-151 gün (yaprak tomurcuklarında Eylül sonu-Şubat, çiçek tomurcuklarında Ağustos sonu-Ocak sonu); Stanley erik çeşidinde 112-157 gün(yaprak tomurcuklarında Eylül sonu-Ocak sonu, çiçek tomurcuklarında Ağustos ortası Ocak ortası); President erik çeşitlerinde 127-172 gün (yaprak tomurcuklarında Eylül sonu- Şubat ortası, çiçek tomurcuklarında Ağustos ortası-Ocak sonu); Giant erik çeşidinde ise 141-172 gün (yaprak tomurcuklarında Eylül başı-Şubat ortası, çiçek tomurcuklarında Ağustos ortası-Ocak sonu) olarak belirlenmiştir. F) Denemeye alınan altı erik çeşidinde de artan doğal soğuklama süreleri ile çiçek ve yaprak tomurcuklarının ilk sürme ve ortalama sürme sürelerinde azalma, sürme oranlarında ise artışlar görülmüş ancak çeşitler ile çeşitlerin yaprak ve çiçek tomurcukları arasında farklılıklar bulunmuştur. G) Gerçek dinlenmeden çıkabilmek için her çeşidin ve her çeşidin yaprak ve çiçek tomurcuklarının farklı doğal soğuklama istekleri olmuştur. Bütün çeşitlerde yaprak tomurcukları çiçek tomurcuklarına göre daima daha fazla soğuklama isteği göstermişlerdir. Altı erik çeşidi içerisinde en az soğuklama isteği Papaz erik çeşidinde ve çiçek tomurcukları için 844, yaprak tomurcukları için 1052 saat olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bunu Havran ve Aynabakan erik çeşitleri birlikte izlemiş ve çiçek tomurcuklarında 1052, yaprak tomurcuklarında 1144 saat olarak belirlenmiştir. Stanley erik çeşidinde çiçek tomurcukları için 1139, yaprak tomurcukları için 1372 saat; President ve Giant erik çeşitlerinde ise çiçek tomurcukları için 1372, yaprak tomurcukları için1637 saat soğuklama isteği tespit edilmiştir.
The researches in this study were carried out in Uludağ Üniversity Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture in 1986-1987. In this study, the periods and stages of dormancy of flower and vegetative buds in some important plum varieties grown in Bursa vicinity were investigated. On the other hand, the effects of natural chilling periods at different times on bud dormancy and the chilling requirements of flower and vegetative buds were determined. The results obtained from the research are given as a summary in the following. a) The buds investigated in plum cultivars come into "correlative dormancy” in summer months, depending on other organs, "true (endogenaus dormancy” in the following parind and then "imposed dormancy” from the beginning of winter. b) During the correlative dormancy stage, particularly vegetative buds were burst when they were kept away from the trees. The burst rate and duration at this stage varied according to the cultivars. Vegetative and flower buds in every cultivar which come into true dormancy period, due to the cultivar's own habit, weren't burst in this period. As for the buds which completed their chilling requirements under +7°C for sometime and left their true dormancy, entered into the stage of imposed dormancy. At this period buds were burst. This bursting situation varied according to the cultivars, too. c) Particularly at the moment of finishing true dormancy, the flower buds of the cultivars had a shorter first and average bursting durations compared with vegetative buds. In this case, cultivars are arranged as follows: Plum cv. Papaz had the shortest first bursting duration as days and cvs. Hayran, Aynabakan, Stanley, President and Giant followed it. Papaz also had the shortest average bursting duration as days. Yet cvs. Havran, Aynabakan, President and Giant followed it. d) Differences which appeared in the bursting rate between varieties and between vegetative and flower buds were observed while true dormancy was initiating and breaking in vegetative buds and while it was breaking in flower buds. Flower buds always provided higher bursting rate compared with vegetative buds while true dormancy was breaking. Cultivars were arranged as in the following due to their bursting dates. e) Initiation and breaking times of dormancy were found different in vegetative and flower buds of plum cvs. Papaz, Havran and Aynabakan which were taken to trial. The same situation was observed in cvs. Stanley, President and Giant. True dormancy period was determined as; 106-134 days (late September-mid January in vegetative buds, late August-early January in flower buds) in cv. Papaz; 117-151 days (late September-February in vegetative buds, late August-late January in flower buds) in cvs. Havran and Aynabakan; 112-157 days (late September late January in vegetative buds, mid August- mid January in flower buds) in cv. Stanley; 127-172 days (late September-mid February in vegetative buds, mid August-late January in flower buds) in cv. President:, 141-172 days (early September-mid September in vegetative buds, mid August-late January in flower buds) in cv. Giant. f) In the six plum cultivars that were taken to trial, first and average bursting durations decreased, bursting rates increased with the increase of natural chilling periods but differences were found between cultivars and between vegetative and flower buds. g) Every cultivar and vegetative and flower buds of every cultivar had different chilling requirements for breaking true dormancy. In all varieties, vegetative buds had always more chilling requirement compared with flower buds. The least chilling requirement was determined as 844 hours for flower buds and 1052 hours for vegetative buds in cv, Papaz among six plum cultivars. Havran and Aynabakan followed it together and their chilling requirement were determined as 1057 hours for flower buds and 1144 hours for vegetative buds. Chilling requirement of other cultivars were determined as; 1139 hours for flower buds, 1372 hours for vegetative buds in cv. Stanley; 1372 hours for flower buds, 1637 hours for vegetative buds in cvs. President and Giant.
Ce travail est effectue dans le departement d'Horticulture de la Faculte d'Agronomie de l'Universite d'Uludağ. Dans ce travail, les durees et les stades de repos de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs de certaines vorietes importantes de vergers de prunier se trouvant aux environs de Bursa sont etudies. D'autre part les effets de froids hivernaux sur le repos de bourgeons dans les differents temps ainsi que les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont determines. Les resultats obtenus dans cette etude sont donnes, en. resume, ci-dessous. a) Chez les varietes examinees, les bourgeons passent par un stade de repos corrélative en ete, dependant des autres organes, suivi d'un vrai repos (repos endogene) et enfin par un repos obligatoire a partir du debut d' hiver. b) Au caurs do repos correlative particulierement les baurgeons vegetatifs sont pousses quand ils sont gardes au loin de l'arbre. Le taux de pousse et la duree de ce stade est variable suivant les varietes les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs de chague variete en trant dans le stade de vrai repos selon leur progre habitude ne sont pas pousses dans ce stade. Les boureons gui ont accompli leurs exigences en froid hivernal au dessous de +7°C dans un certain temps et gui on termine le stade de vrai repos sont entres dans le stade de repos abligatoire. Chez les echantillons de ces erbres les bourgeons ont pousse. L'etat de pousse dans ce stade est aussi varie suivant les varietes. c) Particulierement au moment de reptura de vrai repos, les bourgeons floraux ont una duree plus breve de premiere pousse ainsi qu'une duree moyenne de pousse plus courte par report aux bourgeons vegetatifs. Dans ce cas, les variete sont ranges comme ci-dessous. La variete da Papaz a la duree la plus courte de premiere pousse en jours. Elle est suivie par les varietes de prunier Havran, Aynabakan, Stanley, President et Giant. Quant a la duree moyenne de pousse la variete Papaz a encore la duree la plus breve en jours. Cependant elle est suivie par les varietes Stanley, Havran, Aynabakan, President et Giant. d) Les differences gui apparaient entre les varietes et les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs au point de vue de taux de pousse, sont observees plutôt au debut et ala fin du vrai repos chez les bourgeons vegetatifs tandis gu'elles sont ubservees a la fin du vrai repos chez les bourgeons floraux. A la rupture du vrai repos les bourgeons floraux ant toujours donne un taux de pousse plus haut par rapport aux bourgeons vegetatifs. Quant aux varietes, elles sont rangees salon le taux de pousse comme ci-dessous. Les taux de pousse les plus hauts sont trouves chez les varietes de Giant et President et elles sont suivies par les varietes Aynabakan, Havran, Stanley et Papaz. e) L'entree et la rupture de repos des bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs chez les varietes Papaz, Havran et Aynabakan est variee. Le meme fait est observe chez les varietes de Stanley et de President. La periode de vrai repos est trouvee de 1.06 a 134 jours chez la varite de Papaz (De la fin de Septembre a la mi-Janvier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la fin d'gout au debut da Janvier pour les bourgeons floraux), de 117 a 151 jors chez les varietes de Havran et d' Aynabakan (de la fin de septembre au Fevrier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la fin d' gout a la fin de Janvier pour les bourgeons floraox), de 112 a 157 jours chez la variete de Stanley (de la fin de Septembre a la fin de Janvier rour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la mi-Janvier pour les bourgeons floraux), de 127 a 172 jour chez la variete de President (de la fin de Septembre a la mi-Fevrier pour les burgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la fin de Janvier pour les bourgenos floraux), de 141 a 172 jours chez la variete de Giant (du debut de Septembre a la mi-Fevrier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la fin de Janvier pour les les bourgeons floraux). f) Chez les six varietes sur legueles les essais sont faits, la duree de premiere pousse et la duree moyanne de pousse gont augmentees par contre le taux de pousee est diminue quant augmente la periode de fruids hivernaux pourtant, il ya gu des differences entre les varietes ainsi gu-entre les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs des varietes observees. g) Pour la rupture du vrei repos les exigences en froid hivernal de chague variete ainsi gue les exigences de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont differents. Chez teutes les varietes les bourgeons vegetatifs ont ooxige plus de froid hivernal gue les bourgeons floraux. Parmi six varietes de prunier les exigeneus en froid hivernal de Papaz est genue la minumum. Il de 844 hours pour les bourgeons floraux et de 1052 hours pour les bourgeons vegetatifs. Les varietes de Havran et d,Aynabakan ont guivi Papaz et les exigenee en froid hivernal des bourgenos floraux et vegetatifs sont raspectivement de 1052 et 1144 heures. Chez la variete de Stanley les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont respectivement de 1139 et 1372 houres. Enfin chez les varietes de President et de Giant les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont respectivement de 1372 et 1637 houres.
The researches in this study were carried out in Uludağ Üniversity Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture in 1986-1987. In this study, the periods and stages of dormancy of flower and vegetative buds in some important plum varieties grown in Bursa vicinity were investigated. On the other hand, the effects of natural chilling periods at different times on bud dormancy and the chilling requirements of flower and vegetative buds were determined. The results obtained from the research are given as a summary in the following. a) The buds investigated in plum cultivars come into "correlative dormancy” in summer months, depending on other organs, "true (endogenaus dormancy” in the following parind and then "imposed dormancy” from the beginning of winter. b) During the correlative dormancy stage, particularly vegetative buds were burst when they were kept away from the trees. The burst rate and duration at this stage varied according to the cultivars. Vegetative and flower buds in every cultivar which come into true dormancy period, due to the cultivar's own habit, weren't burst in this period. As for the buds which completed their chilling requirements under +7°C for sometime and left their true dormancy, entered into the stage of imposed dormancy. At this period buds were burst. This bursting situation varied according to the cultivars, too. c) Particularly at the moment of finishing true dormancy, the flower buds of the cultivars had a shorter first and average bursting durations compared with vegetative buds. In this case, cultivars are arranged as follows: Plum cv. Papaz had the shortest first bursting duration as days and cvs. Hayran, Aynabakan, Stanley, President and Giant followed it. Papaz also had the shortest average bursting duration as days. Yet cvs. Havran, Aynabakan, President and Giant followed it. d) Differences which appeared in the bursting rate between varieties and between vegetative and flower buds were observed while true dormancy was initiating and breaking in vegetative buds and while it was breaking in flower buds. Flower buds always provided higher bursting rate compared with vegetative buds while true dormancy was breaking. Cultivars were arranged as in the following due to their bursting dates. e) Initiation and breaking times of dormancy were found different in vegetative and flower buds of plum cvs. Papaz, Havran and Aynabakan which were taken to trial. The same situation was observed in cvs. Stanley, President and Giant. True dormancy period was determined as; 106-134 days (late September-mid January in vegetative buds, late August-early January in flower buds) in cv. Papaz; 117-151 days (late September-February in vegetative buds, late August-late January in flower buds) in cvs. Havran and Aynabakan; 112-157 days (late September late January in vegetative buds, mid August- mid January in flower buds) in cv. Stanley; 127-172 days (late September-mid February in vegetative buds, mid August-late January in flower buds) in cv. President:, 141-172 days (early September-mid September in vegetative buds, mid August-late January in flower buds) in cv. Giant. f) In the six plum cultivars that were taken to trial, first and average bursting durations decreased, bursting rates increased with the increase of natural chilling periods but differences were found between cultivars and between vegetative and flower buds. g) Every cultivar and vegetative and flower buds of every cultivar had different chilling requirements for breaking true dormancy. In all varieties, vegetative buds had always more chilling requirement compared with flower buds. The least chilling requirement was determined as 844 hours for flower buds and 1052 hours for vegetative buds in cv, Papaz among six plum cultivars. Havran and Aynabakan followed it together and their chilling requirement were determined as 1057 hours for flower buds and 1144 hours for vegetative buds. Chilling requirement of other cultivars were determined as; 1139 hours for flower buds, 1372 hours for vegetative buds in cv. Stanley; 1372 hours for flower buds, 1637 hours for vegetative buds in cvs. President and Giant.
Ce travail est effectue dans le departement d'Horticulture de la Faculte d'Agronomie de l'Universite d'Uludağ. Dans ce travail, les durees et les stades de repos de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs de certaines vorietes importantes de vergers de prunier se trouvant aux environs de Bursa sont etudies. D'autre part les effets de froids hivernaux sur le repos de bourgeons dans les differents temps ainsi que les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont determines. Les resultats obtenus dans cette etude sont donnes, en. resume, ci-dessous. a) Chez les varietes examinees, les bourgeons passent par un stade de repos corrélative en ete, dependant des autres organes, suivi d'un vrai repos (repos endogene) et enfin par un repos obligatoire a partir du debut d' hiver. b) Au caurs do repos correlative particulierement les baurgeons vegetatifs sont pousses quand ils sont gardes au loin de l'arbre. Le taux de pousse et la duree de ce stade est variable suivant les varietes les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs de chague variete en trant dans le stade de vrai repos selon leur progre habitude ne sont pas pousses dans ce stade. Les boureons gui ont accompli leurs exigences en froid hivernal au dessous de +7°C dans un certain temps et gui on termine le stade de vrai repos sont entres dans le stade de repos abligatoire. Chez les echantillons de ces erbres les bourgeons ont pousse. L'etat de pousse dans ce stade est aussi varie suivant les varietes. c) Particulierement au moment de reptura de vrai repos, les bourgeons floraux ont una duree plus breve de premiere pousse ainsi qu'une duree moyenne de pousse plus courte par report aux bourgeons vegetatifs. Dans ce cas, les variete sont ranges comme ci-dessous. La variete da Papaz a la duree la plus courte de premiere pousse en jours. Elle est suivie par les varietes de prunier Havran, Aynabakan, Stanley, President et Giant. Quant a la duree moyenne de pousse la variete Papaz a encore la duree la plus breve en jours. Cependant elle est suivie par les varietes Stanley, Havran, Aynabakan, President et Giant. d) Les differences gui apparaient entre les varietes et les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs au point de vue de taux de pousse, sont observees plutôt au debut et ala fin du vrai repos chez les bourgeons vegetatifs tandis gu'elles sont ubservees a la fin du vrai repos chez les bourgeons floraux. A la rupture du vrai repos les bourgeons floraux ant toujours donne un taux de pousse plus haut par rapport aux bourgeons vegetatifs. Quant aux varietes, elles sont rangees salon le taux de pousse comme ci-dessous. Les taux de pousse les plus hauts sont trouves chez les varietes de Giant et President et elles sont suivies par les varietes Aynabakan, Havran, Stanley et Papaz. e) L'entree et la rupture de repos des bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs chez les varietes Papaz, Havran et Aynabakan est variee. Le meme fait est observe chez les varietes de Stanley et de President. La periode de vrai repos est trouvee de 1.06 a 134 jours chez la varite de Papaz (De la fin de Septembre a la mi-Janvier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la fin d'gout au debut da Janvier pour les bourgeons floraux), de 117 a 151 jors chez les varietes de Havran et d' Aynabakan (de la fin de septembre au Fevrier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la fin d' gout a la fin de Janvier pour les bourgeons floraox), de 112 a 157 jours chez la variete de Stanley (de la fin de Septembre a la fin de Janvier rour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la mi-Janvier pour les bourgeons floraux), de 127 a 172 jour chez la variete de President (de la fin de Septembre a la mi-Fevrier pour les burgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la fin de Janvier pour les bourgenos floraux), de 141 a 172 jours chez la variete de Giant (du debut de Septembre a la mi-Fevrier pour les bourgeons vegetatifs, de la mi-gout a la fin de Janvier pour les les bourgeons floraux). f) Chez les six varietes sur legueles les essais sont faits, la duree de premiere pousse et la duree moyanne de pousse gont augmentees par contre le taux de pousee est diminue quant augmente la periode de fruids hivernaux pourtant, il ya gu des differences entre les varietes ainsi gu-entre les bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs des varietes observees. g) Pour la rupture du vrei repos les exigences en froid hivernal de chague variete ainsi gue les exigences de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont differents. Chez teutes les varietes les bourgeons vegetatifs ont ooxige plus de froid hivernal gue les bourgeons floraux. Parmi six varietes de prunier les exigeneus en froid hivernal de Papaz est genue la minumum. Il de 844 hours pour les bourgeons floraux et de 1052 hours pour les bourgeons vegetatifs. Les varietes de Havran et d,Aynabakan ont guivi Papaz et les exigenee en froid hivernal des bourgenos floraux et vegetatifs sont raspectivement de 1052 et 1144 heures. Chez la variete de Stanley les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont respectivement de 1139 et 1372 houres. Enfin chez les varietes de President et de Giant les exigences en froid hivernal de bourgeons floraux et vegetatifs sont respectivement de 1372 et 1637 houres.
Description
Keywords
Bursa, Erik, Tomurcuk dinlenmesi, Plums, Bud dormancy
Citation
Tüler, N. (1987). Bursa ve çevresinde yetiştirilen eriklerde tomurcuk dinlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.