Çağdaş Anglo-Sakson siyasetinde aşırı sağın yükselişi: Brexit ve Donald Trump döneminin karşılaştırmalı analizi
Date
2024-07-26
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Günümüz siyasetinde aşırı sağ kavramının oldukça kullanılması ve hakkında çokça araştırma yapılmasına karşın, kavramın herkesçe kabul edilen bir tanımı çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak yapılamamaktadır. Ancak yine de aşırı sağı betimlemek ve ona ait olan özellikleri ortaya koymak mümkündür. Aşırı sağ, toplumda çokkültürlülük, çeşitlilik anlayışına karşıt olarak ötekiler yaratarak, ideolojisini aşırı milliyetçilikle ilişkilendirip, yarattığı ötekilere karşı dışlayıcı ve ırkçı tavır ve söylemler içerir. Aşırı sağ özünde otoriterlik ve güçlü devlet yapısı içerdiği için liberal demokrasinin sahip olduğu devletin tarafsızlığı, çoğulculuk, çokkültürcülük vb. özelliklere karşı çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Aşırı sağ kavramının analizini başarılı bir şekilde yapabilmek için kavramın ırkçılık, faşizm, milliyetçilik, muhafazakarlık, yabancı düşmanlığı, İslamofobi, popülizm, antisemitizm, demokrasi vb. kavramlarla olan ilişkisine değinilmiş ve ardından aşırı sağın yükseliş nedenleri ortaya konulmuştur. Daha sonra ise Birleşik Krallık’ı Brexit referandumuna götüren süreç ile ABD başkanlık seçimlerinde Donald Trump’ın ABD Başkanı seçilmesinde aşırı sağın etkisi incelenmiştir. Her iki ülke de aşırı sağın popülizm ile olan yakın ilişkisi gerek Birleşik Krallık’ın referandum sürecinde gerekse ABD başkanlık seçimlerinde açıkça görülmüştür. Popülizm, toplumu fakir halk ve yozlaşmış elitler olarak iki ayrı sınıfa ayıran, fakir halkın yanında olduğunu ileri sürüp, yozlaşmış elitleri dışlayan, göç, yabancı karşıtlığı, sınır güvenliği, milliyetçilik, ekonomik kriz vb. konuları içeren günümüz karizmatik liderleri tarafından oldukça kullanılan bir tavır ve söylemdir. Tezimde de vurguladığım üzere Birleşik Krallık’ta ortaya çıkan aşırı sağ partiler olan Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi (UKIP) ve onun devamı niteliğindeki Brexit Parti’si (BP) referandum sürecinde ve seçimlerde her ne kadar yükselişte olsalar da liberal demokratik değerleri benimseyen Birleşik Krallık gibi bir ülkede ulusal bir temsil gücüne sahip olamamışlardır. Birleşik Krallık’ta seçim sistemi değişmediği sürece aşırı sağ partiler mevcut merkez partilerin söylemlerini etkilemekten öteye geçemeyeceklerdir. ABD’de ise Donald Trump Meksika sınırına duvar örme, göçmenleri ülkelerine geri gönderme, yeniden büyük Amerika yaratma vb. popülist söylemlerle seçimlerde her ne kadar başarı elde etmiş olsa da tıpkı Birleşik Krallık demokrasisi gibi ülkeyi baş edemeyeceği bir aşırılılığa sürükleyememiştir.
Despite the fact that the concept of the far right is widely used in today's politics and a great deal of research has been conducted on it, a generally accepted definition of the concept cannot be made for various reasons. However, it is still possible to describe the far right and to reveal its characteristics. The far right creates others in opposition to the understanding of multiculturalism and diversity in society, associates its ideology with extreme nationalism, and includes exclusionary and racist attitudes and discourses against the others it creates. Since the far right contains authoritarianism and a strong state structure at its core, it opposes the features of liberal democracy such as state neutrality, pluralism, multiculturalism, etc. In this study, firstly, in order to successfully analyze the concept of the far right, the relationship between the concept and concepts such as racism, fascism, nationalism, conservatism, xenophobia, Islamophobia, populism, anti-Semitism, democracy, etc. is mentioned and then the reasons for the rise of the far right arerevealed. Then, the process that led the United Kingdom to the Brexit referendumand the impact of the far right on the election of Donald Trump as the President ofthe United States were analyzed. In both countries, the far right's close relationshipwith populism was clearly seen in both the UK referendum process and the USpresidential elections. Populism is an attitude and discourse that divides the societyin to two separate classes as poor people and corrupt elites, claiming to be on the sideof the poor people and excluding corrupt elites, including issues such asimmigration, xenophobia, border security, nationalism, economic crisis, etc. It is anattitude and discourse widely used by today's charismatic leaders.As I emphasized in my thesis, although the far-right parties that emerged inthe United Kingdom, the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and itssuccessor, the Brexit Party (BP), were on the rise during the referendum process andthe elections, they could not have a national representation power in a country likethe United Kingdom that embraces liberal democratic values. As long as theelectoral system in the UK remains unchanged, far-right parties will not be able togo beyond in fluencing the discourse of the existing center parties. In the US, although Donald Trump has achieved success in the elections with populist rhetoric such as building a wall on the Mexican border, sending immigrants back to their countries, creating a great America again, etc., he has not been able to drag the country to an extremism that it cannot cope with, just like the democracy in the UK.
Despite the fact that the concept of the far right is widely used in today's politics and a great deal of research has been conducted on it, a generally accepted definition of the concept cannot be made for various reasons. However, it is still possible to describe the far right and to reveal its characteristics. The far right creates others in opposition to the understanding of multiculturalism and diversity in society, associates its ideology with extreme nationalism, and includes exclusionary and racist attitudes and discourses against the others it creates. Since the far right contains authoritarianism and a strong state structure at its core, it opposes the features of liberal democracy such as state neutrality, pluralism, multiculturalism, etc. In this study, firstly, in order to successfully analyze the concept of the far right, the relationship between the concept and concepts such as racism, fascism, nationalism, conservatism, xenophobia, Islamophobia, populism, anti-Semitism, democracy, etc. is mentioned and then the reasons for the rise of the far right arerevealed. Then, the process that led the United Kingdom to the Brexit referendumand the impact of the far right on the election of Donald Trump as the President ofthe United States were analyzed. In both countries, the far right's close relationshipwith populism was clearly seen in both the UK referendum process and the USpresidential elections. Populism is an attitude and discourse that divides the societyin to two separate classes as poor people and corrupt elites, claiming to be on the sideof the poor people and excluding corrupt elites, including issues such asimmigration, xenophobia, border security, nationalism, economic crisis, etc. It is anattitude and discourse widely used by today's charismatic leaders.As I emphasized in my thesis, although the far-right parties that emerged inthe United Kingdom, the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and itssuccessor, the Brexit Party (BP), were on the rise during the referendum process andthe elections, they could not have a national representation power in a country likethe United Kingdom that embraces liberal democratic values. As long as theelectoral system in the UK remains unchanged, far-right parties will not be able togo beyond in fluencing the discourse of the existing center parties. In the US, although Donald Trump has achieved success in the elections with populist rhetoric such as building a wall on the Mexican border, sending immigrants back to their countries, creating a great America again, etc., he has not been able to drag the country to an extremism that it cannot cope with, just like the democracy in the UK.
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Keywords
Aşırı sağ, Irkçılık, Faşizm, Antisemitizm, İslamofobi, Yabancı düşmanlığı, Popülizm, Beyaz üstünlüğü, Brexit, Avrupa Birliği, Donald Trump, Far right, Racism, Fascism, Antisemitism, Islamophobia, Xenophobia, Populism, White supremacy, European Union