Platon, Aristoteles ve Plotinos’ta sanat-felsefe ilişkisi
Date
2024-08-06
Authors
Çiçek, Mehmet
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Roma uygarlığı üzerinden etkisi tüm dünyaya yayılan ve kimi sanatçı ve filozoflarca “en yüksek sanat formu” olarak nitelendirilen Antik Yunan sanatı, Batı medeniyeti sanatının kaynağı olarak görülebilir. Ancak bu sanat formunun çalışmanın odağında yer almasının nedeni gerek o dönemin sanatçılarında gerekse filozoflarında estetik bir algının söz konusu olup olmadığı sorusuna dayanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Antik Yunan insanının güzellik kavramına yaklaşımları ve özellikle filozofların yaşadıkları topluma karşın Güzel’i ne anlamda değerlendirdikleri bir problem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Nitekim Platon’un geleneksel görüşte “sanat düşmanı” olarak nitelendirilmesi, Aristoteles’in hocasının düşüncelerine karşıt bir konuma yerleştirilmesi ve nihayet Plotinos’un sanat anlayışının Platon’un düşünceleri bağlamında özgün bir nitelikte olduğunun vurgulanması bir yanıyla okuyucuyu farklı bir bakış açısının mümkün olup olmadığı düşüncesine zorlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın merkezinde söz konusu imkanın incelenmesi bulunmaktadır. Buna göre geleneksel görüş, Platon’un ideal devletini kurarken sanata ve sanatçıya kategorik bir karşı çıkış sergilediğini iddia etmektedir. Zira sanat, temelde mimetik bir etkinliktir ve Platon’un dile getirdiği hiyerarşik varlık düzeninde en altta yer almaktadır. Çünkü sanat, İdeaların kopyası olan duyusal gerçekliğin kopyasını üreten bir edimden başka bir şey değildir. Dahası sanat bir epistemeye dayanmadığı gibi insan ruhunu olumsuz anlamda etkileme gücüne sahiptir. Öte yandan kendisi yoğun bir sanat eğitiminden geçerek, güçlü edebi sanat eserleri sayılabilecek diyalogları kaleme alan Platon’un, sanatın yalnızca bir türünü hor gördüğü biçiminde bir okuması mümkün değil midir? Bununla birlikte Aristoteles’in Platon’a karşıt düşünceler dile getirdiğini iddia etmenin aksine onun hocasının düşüncelerinde sanata yer açmaya çalıştığını dile getirmek, Aristoteles’in maksadını ne derece ıskalayan bir yorum olurdu? Nitekim Aristoteles’in sanat hakkında düşüncelerini dile getirirken kullandığı tekhne, mimesis ve hatta katharsis gibi kavramlarını Platon’dan ödünç alıp onunla aynı anlamda kullanması söz konusu yorumun hareket noktasını oluşturabilir gibi görünmektedir. Son olarak Plotinos’un sanata dair düşüncelerini tamamıyla özgün bir fikir olarak değil, Platon’un “doğru” bir yorumu olarak tanımlamak ne derece mümkündür? Dile getirilen bu sorular, çalışmanın inceleme nesnelerini ve amacını oluşturacak sorulardır. Bu anlamda çalışmanın ilk bölümü Antik Yunan sanatının genel özelliklerini içerecek, böylece Platon ve Aristoteles’in içine doğduğu kültür ve sanat dünyasının temel niteliklerinin açıklığa kavuşturulması amaçlanacaktır. İkinci bölümde Platon’un metinlerinden hareketle sanata bakışı serimlenip, yorumcu ve akademisyenlerin tartışmalarına yer verilecektir. Platon’da uygulanacak metot üçüncü bölümde Aristoteles’in düşüncelerini aktarırken tekrar kullanılacaktır. Dördüncü bölümde Helenistik sanatın genel özellikleri dile getirilerek bu dünyaya doğan Plotinos’un sanat ve felsefe arasında kurduğu ilişki incelenecektir. Sonuç bölümünde ise söz konusu yorum farklılıklarının değerlendirilmesi yapılarak çalışmanın açıklığa kavuşturmayı hedeflediği amaç ve ulaşılan sonuçlar dile getirilecektir.
Ancient Greek art, whose influence spread all over the world through the Roman civilization and described as “the highest art form” by some artists and philosophers, can be seen as the source of the art of Western civilization. However, the reason why this art form is the focus of this study is based on the question of whether there was an aesthetic perception in the artists and philosophers of that period. In this context, the Ancient Greek people's approach to the concept of beauty and especially the philosophers' perception of The Beauty in spite of the society they lived in is a problem. As a matter of fact, the fact that Plato is characterized as an “enemy of art” in the traditional view, that Aristotle is placed in a position in opposition to his teacher's thoughts, and finally that Plotinus' understanding of art is unique in the context of Plato's thoughts forces the reader to consider whether a different perspective is possible. Therefore, at the center of this study is the examination of this possibility. Accordingly, the traditional view claims that Plato exhibited a categorical opposition to art and the artist while building his ideal state. This is because art is fundamentally a mimetic activity and is at the bottom of the hierarchical order of being expressed by Plato. For art is nothing but an act that produces a copy of sensory reality, which is a copy of the Ideas. Moreover, art is not based on an episteme and has the power to negatively affect the human soul. On the other hand, is it not possible to read Plato, who himself underwent an intensive art education and wrote dialogues that can be considered powerful literary works of art, as despising only one form of art? However, to what extent would it be an interpretation that misses Aristotle's point to say that Aristotle was trying to make room for the arts in his teacher's thought, as opposed to claiming that Aristotle was expressing thoughts in opposition to Plato? As a matter of fact, it seems that Aristotle's borrowing of concepts such as tekhne, mimesis, and even catharsis from Plato and using them in the same sense as Plato while expressing his thoughts on art may constitute the starting point of the interpretation in question. Finally, to what extent is it possible to define Plotinus' thoughts on art as a “correct” interpretation of Plato rather than a completely original idea? These are the questions that will constitute the object and purpose of this study. In this sense, the first part of the study will cover the general characteristics of Ancient Greek art, thus aiming to clarify the basic characteristics of the cultural and artistic world into which Plato and Aristotle were born. In the second part, Plato's view of art will be laid out based on his texts and the discussions of commentators and academics will be included. The method to be applied in Plato will be used again in the third section while conveying Aristotle's thoughts. In the fourth section, the general characteristics of Hellenistic art will be expressed and the relationship between art and philosophy established by Plotinus, who was born into this world, will be analyzed. In the conclusion, the aim of the study and the conclusions reached will be expressed by evaluating the differences in interpretation.
Ancient Greek art, whose influence spread all over the world through the Roman civilization and described as “the highest art form” by some artists and philosophers, can be seen as the source of the art of Western civilization. However, the reason why this art form is the focus of this study is based on the question of whether there was an aesthetic perception in the artists and philosophers of that period. In this context, the Ancient Greek people's approach to the concept of beauty and especially the philosophers' perception of The Beauty in spite of the society they lived in is a problem. As a matter of fact, the fact that Plato is characterized as an “enemy of art” in the traditional view, that Aristotle is placed in a position in opposition to his teacher's thoughts, and finally that Plotinus' understanding of art is unique in the context of Plato's thoughts forces the reader to consider whether a different perspective is possible. Therefore, at the center of this study is the examination of this possibility. Accordingly, the traditional view claims that Plato exhibited a categorical opposition to art and the artist while building his ideal state. This is because art is fundamentally a mimetic activity and is at the bottom of the hierarchical order of being expressed by Plato. For art is nothing but an act that produces a copy of sensory reality, which is a copy of the Ideas. Moreover, art is not based on an episteme and has the power to negatively affect the human soul. On the other hand, is it not possible to read Plato, who himself underwent an intensive art education and wrote dialogues that can be considered powerful literary works of art, as despising only one form of art? However, to what extent would it be an interpretation that misses Aristotle's point to say that Aristotle was trying to make room for the arts in his teacher's thought, as opposed to claiming that Aristotle was expressing thoughts in opposition to Plato? As a matter of fact, it seems that Aristotle's borrowing of concepts such as tekhne, mimesis, and even catharsis from Plato and using them in the same sense as Plato while expressing his thoughts on art may constitute the starting point of the interpretation in question. Finally, to what extent is it possible to define Plotinus' thoughts on art as a “correct” interpretation of Plato rather than a completely original idea? These are the questions that will constitute the object and purpose of this study. In this sense, the first part of the study will cover the general characteristics of Ancient Greek art, thus aiming to clarify the basic characteristics of the cultural and artistic world into which Plato and Aristotle were born. In the second part, Plato's view of art will be laid out based on his texts and the discussions of commentators and academics will be included. The method to be applied in Plato will be used again in the third section while conveying Aristotle's thoughts. In the fourth section, the general characteristics of Hellenistic art will be expressed and the relationship between art and philosophy established by Plotinus, who was born into this world, will be analyzed. In the conclusion, the aim of the study and the conclusions reached will be expressed by evaluating the differences in interpretation.
Description
Keywords
Aristoteles, Estetik, Güzel, Platon, Sanat, Plotinos, Antik Yunan, Ancient Greek, Aristotle, Aesthetic, The Beauty, Plato, Art, Plotinus