Çevre politikalarının tarımsal ürün ihracatına etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz
Date
2024-08-06
Authors
Özkul, Seda
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Çevre politikalarının uygulanması sürdürülebilir çevre için önem ifade etmektedir. Verimi artırma amacıyla kullanılan pestisit, suni gübre ve tarım ilacı gibi faktörlerin kontrolsüzce kullanımı çevreye ciddi zararlar vermektedir. Ayrıca tarımsal araziler tam kapasitede altında kullanılsa dahi bu araçların önerilen düzeylerin üzerinde kullanımı veriminde artışa sebep olabilmekte, bu durum çiftçileri de aşırı kullanıma teşvik edebilmektedir. Fakat çevresel düzenlemeler ile bu unsurların kullanım miktarının kısılması tam kapasite kullanımını teşvik edici olabilir ve maddi kayıp sağlamadan aynı oranda üretim elde edilmesi sağlanabilmektedir. Ülkelerin uyguladıkları çevresel düzenlemelerin katılıkları farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Bu farklılıklar çevre politikalarının tarımsal ihracat üzerinde kısa ve uzun dönemde farklı sonuçlara sebep olmaktadır. Çevre politikalarının tarımsal ihracat üzerindeki etkisi incelemek amacıyla 19 OECD ülkesi ile 2001-2019 yıl aralığındaki verilerle panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Sabit etkiler modelinin uygun olduğu çalışma sonuçlarına göre çevre performans endeksi, tarımsal işgücü, toplam faktör verimliliği ve büyüme ile tarımsal ihracatı anlamlı ve negatif etki gözlenirken, tarımsal üretici endeksi ve tarımsal pestisit kullanımıyla anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki elde edilmiştir. Reel döviz kuru ile tarımsal ihracat arasında ise anlamlı bir etkiye ulaşılamamıştır. Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi uyarınca sıkı çevresel düzenlemelerin maliyetleri arttırarak üretim miktarını azalttığı ve gevşek çevre düzenlemelerine sahip ülkelerde kirlilik yoğun endüstri üretimini arttığı gözlenebilmektedir.
Implementation of environmental policies is important for a sustainable environment. The uncontrolled use of factors such as pesticides, artificial fertilizers and pesticides used to increase productivity causes serious damage to the environment. In addition, even if agricultural lands are used below full capacity, the use of these tools above recommended levels may cause an increase in productivity, which may encourage farmers to overuse. However, reducing the amount of use of these elements through environmental regulations may encourage full capacity use and the same rate of production can be achieved without causing financial loss. The stringency of environmental regulations implemented by countries may vary. These differences cause different results of environmental policies on agricultural exports in the short and long term. In order to examine the impact of environmental policies on agricultural exports, panel data analysis was conducted with data from 19 OECD countries between 2001 and 2019. According to the results of the study in which the fixed effects model is appropriate, a significant and negative effect was observed on environmental performance index, agricultural labor force, total factor productivity and growth and agricultural exports, while a significant and positive relationship was obtained with the agricultural producer index and agricultural pesticide use. No significant effect was found between the real exchange rate and agricultural exports. In accordance with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, it can be observed that strict environmental regulations reduce the amount of production by increasing costs, and pollution-intensive industrial production increases in countries with loose environmental regulations.
Implementation of environmental policies is important for a sustainable environment. The uncontrolled use of factors such as pesticides, artificial fertilizers and pesticides used to increase productivity causes serious damage to the environment. In addition, even if agricultural lands are used below full capacity, the use of these tools above recommended levels may cause an increase in productivity, which may encourage farmers to overuse. However, reducing the amount of use of these elements through environmental regulations may encourage full capacity use and the same rate of production can be achieved without causing financial loss. The stringency of environmental regulations implemented by countries may vary. These differences cause different results of environmental policies on agricultural exports in the short and long term. In order to examine the impact of environmental policies on agricultural exports, panel data analysis was conducted with data from 19 OECD countries between 2001 and 2019. According to the results of the study in which the fixed effects model is appropriate, a significant and negative effect was observed on environmental performance index, agricultural labor force, total factor productivity and growth and agricultural exports, while a significant and positive relationship was obtained with the agricultural producer index and agricultural pesticide use. No significant effect was found between the real exchange rate and agricultural exports. In accordance with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, it can be observed that strict environmental regulations reduce the amount of production by increasing costs, and pollution-intensive industrial production increases in countries with loose environmental regulations.
Description
Keywords
Tarım ihracatı, Çevresel düzenlemeler, Tarım, Tarımsal üretim, Çevre politikası, Environmental policy, Agricultural export, Environmental regulations, Agriculture, Agricultural production