Beyin göçü ve beşeri sermaye ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği
Date
2024-06-24
Authors
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Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Beyin göçü kavramı, ilk olarak 1960'larda İngiltere'den ABD’ye ve Kanada'ya göç eden bilim insanlarını ve teknoloji uzmanlarını ifade etmek amacıyla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Beyin göçü, yüksek eğitimli bireylerin kendi ülkelerinden ayrılmalarını ifade eder ve bir ülkenin beşeri sermayesiyle doğrudan ilişkilendirilmektedir. 1960'lı yıllardan itibaren, başta ABD olmak üzere birçok Avrupa ülkesi, nitelikli göçmenleri kendilerine çekebilmek amacıyla seçici göç politikaları benimsemiş ve uygulamıştır. Bu ülkelerin en önemli çekim gücü ise ekonomik ve sosyal imkanları olmuştur. Türkiye'deki göç hareketi, 1960'larda Avrupa'ya yönelik yarı nitelikli ve niteliksiz işçi göçü ile başlamıştır. Türkiye’deki beyin göçü 1970'ler ve 1980'lerden sonra başlasa da 1990'lar ve 2000'lerden itibaren artış göstermiştir. Türkiye'deki beyin göçü, özellikle ABD'ye yönelmiş ve Avrupa da hedef ülkelerden biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, beyin göçü ve beşeri sermaye ilişkisini Türkiye özelinde ele almaktır. Bu doğrultuda,1984-2022 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veriler kullanılarak Bai ve Perron yöntemi ile beyin göçü ve beşeri sermaye arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, beyin göçüne neden olan ekonomik ve kurumsal faktörlerini içeren iki ayrı model tahmin edilmiştir. Model tahminlerinden elde edilen bulgular, yapısal kırılma yıllarının 1994 ve 2006 olduğunu göstermektedir. 2006-2022 yılları arasında beşeri sermayedeki artışın, beyin göçünde de bir artışa neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, beyin göçünü etkileyen enönemli faktörün ekonomik faktörler olduğunu ve tüm alt dönemlerde kurumsal faktörün de beyin göçü üzerinde belirgin bir etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Eğitim harcamalarının ise tüm alt dönemlerde beyin göçü üzerinde pozitif bir etkisinin olduğu bulunmuştur.
The concept of brain drain was first coined in the 1960s to refer to the emigration of scientists and technologists from the UK to the US and Canada. Brain drain refers to the leaving of highly educated individuals from their home countries and is directly related to a country's human capital. Since the 1960s, many European countries, particularly the US, have adopted and implemented selective immigration policies to attract skilled migrants. The most important attraction power of these countries has been their economic and social opportunities. The migration movement in Turkey started in the 1960s with semi-skilled and unskilled labor migration to Europe. Although brain drain in Turkey began after the 1970s and 1980s, it has increased since the 1990s and 2000s. The brain drain in Turkey has been especially directed towards the USA and Europe has been one of the destination countries. This study aims to analyze the relationship between brain drain and human capital in Turkey. In this respect,the relationship between brain drain and human capital is analyzed with the Bai and Perron method using annual data covering the period 1984-2022. Moreover, two separate models are estimated,including economic and institutional factors that cause brain drain. Findings from model estimations indicate that the structural break years are 1994 and 2006. It is found that the increase in human capital between 2006 and 2022 leads to an increase in brain drain. The findings show that economic factors arethe most important factor affecting brain drain and that institutional factors also have a significant impact on brain drain in all sub-periods. Education expenditures were found to affect brain drain in all sub-periods positively.
The concept of brain drain was first coined in the 1960s to refer to the emigration of scientists and technologists from the UK to the US and Canada. Brain drain refers to the leaving of highly educated individuals from their home countries and is directly related to a country's human capital. Since the 1960s, many European countries, particularly the US, have adopted and implemented selective immigration policies to attract skilled migrants. The most important attraction power of these countries has been their economic and social opportunities. The migration movement in Turkey started in the 1960s with semi-skilled and unskilled labor migration to Europe. Although brain drain in Turkey began after the 1970s and 1980s, it has increased since the 1990s and 2000s. The brain drain in Turkey has been especially directed towards the USA and Europe has been one of the destination countries. This study aims to analyze the relationship between brain drain and human capital in Turkey. In this respect,the relationship between brain drain and human capital is analyzed with the Bai and Perron method using annual data covering the period 1984-2022. Moreover, two separate models are estimated,including economic and institutional factors that cause brain drain. Findings from model estimations indicate that the structural break years are 1994 and 2006. It is found that the increase in human capital between 2006 and 2022 leads to an increase in brain drain. The findings show that economic factors arethe most important factor affecting brain drain and that institutional factors also have a significant impact on brain drain in all sub-periods. Education expenditures were found to affect brain drain in all sub-periods positively.
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Keywords
Beyin göçü, Beşeri sermaye, Nitelikli göç, Dış göç, Brain drain, Human capital, Skilled migration, External migration