Journal of Mosaic Research

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Abelterium: Geometric mosaics from the villae of Casa da Medusa and Quinta do Pião
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2017) Antonio, Jorge
The study of geometric mosaics from Casa da Medusa and Quinta do Pião has made a significant contribution towards understanding both the decorative project of these villae in Abelterium (Alter do Chão) and the Roman presence in this region. Geometric pavements in varying states of preservation were uncovered in several rooms. These are essentially polychrome mosaics, some displaying evidence of Baroque overdoing, consisting of white, ochre, yellow, pink, red, green, blue and grey tesserae, made from limestone, sandstone, marble and eventually from pottery.
About the 16th Colloquium of the International Association for the Study of the Ancient Mosaic AIEMA in Conímbriga, Rabaçal, São Simão and Santiago da Guarda, with excursion to Alter do Chão, Mértola, Milreu and Faro, 11th to 15th July 2025
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-11-30) Pessoa, Miguel; Rodrigo, Lino; Sales, Pedro
The announcement of the 16th International Colloquium of the International Association for the Study of the Ancient Mosaic AIEMA in Conímbriga (Condeixa-a-Nova), Rabaçal, São Simão (Penela) and Santiago da Guarda (Ansião), with excursion to Alter do Chão, Mértola, Milreu and Faro, (11 to 15 July 2025), led the event’s proponents, members of the Portuguese Association for the Study and Conservation of the Ancient Mosaic - APECMA, the Portuguese section of the International Association for the Study of Ancient Mosaic - AIEMA (based in Paris), to consider the availability of each one of the archaeological site teams involved to prepare this International Meeting in a timely and efficient way, and propose the Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage (DGPC) to take the opportunity provided by this event to present the new Conímbriga Mosaic Restoration Centre - which would strengthen the Movement for the Promotion of the Nomination of Conímbriga to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Achilles on Skyros in the emblema from the house of Poseidon at Zeugma: Caracalla and the power of images
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-08-29) Caso, Laura
This iconographic and iconological analysis has shown the existence of a long tradition about this subject, that is Achilles on Skyros in the emblema from the House of Poseidon at Zeugma. This tradition dates back to the 1st century AD and it concerns the Roman mosaic and painting. The model of Achilles on Skyros travelled from the West to the East, especially from Italy (Rome and Pompeii) towards the eastern part of the Roman Empire. This model arrived in Zeugma on the Euphrates at the beginning of the third century AD, under Caracalla (211-217 CE). The rich owner (dominus) and client of the Poseidon Villa was to be a high officer of Caracalla belonging to Legio IV Scythica or Parthica. In fact Zeugma became the settlement of this Roman legion and the outpost against the Parthians, above all during the reign of Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) and under his successor Caracalla. The dominus of the Poseidon Villa made the imperial propaganda his own by choosing the subject of Achilles on Skyros, which was very favourite by Caracalla on the ideological level, as the subject of Alexander the Great (Cfr. Cassius Dio, Herodian, Scriptores Historiae Augustae). The myth of Achilles on Skyros is very ancient (Cfr. Cypria, Pindar, Sophocles, Euripides) and privileged by Roman (Domus Aurea) and Pompeian painting and mosaic dating back to the emperor Nero, ardent admirer both Achilles and Alexander the Great, as Caracalla.
Ancient repairs on the Alexander Mosaic from Pompeii
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-08-24) Beşikci, Demet
Every so often throughout antiquity, cities, structures and objects were damaged to varying degrees as a result of wars, earthquakes, floods and fires, and became unusable. However, similar to the present day, in some cases it was possible to maintain their function by carrying out repairs. Traces of such repairs are visible on mosaic flooring, one of the structural elements most affected by these destructions. Since mosaics are composed of lots of small pieces, they can quickly disintegrate in any destructive situation and fall apart easily. Through the ages, the loss of components occurred as a result of not only great destruction and devastation, but also of wear due to overuse. In such cases, in order to reduce the growth of the damaged area, various repair techniques were used, and the use of the structures/spaces continued. The craftsmen doing these repairs sometimes tried to restore the floor and its decoration elements to its original appearance, and other times utilised different materials in order to re-open the space as quickly as possible. The location and dimension of the damage as well as the repair methods on the mosaic provide us with information on the techniques of the craftsmen and the practices of the period. Found at the Casa del Fauno (VI 12, 2) in Pompeii on October 24, 1831 and dated to the end of the 2nd century BC (120 BC) (Pappalardo - Ciardiello 2010: 153) the Alexander Mosaic is one of the most well-known mosaics today, as well as being famous enough in the period it was made to be mentioned in historical and literary sources. The original is preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum (MANN, inventory number 10020). It depicts the battle of Issus (333 BC) or Gaugamela (331 BC) between Alexander the Great and Darius III (Pappalardo - Ciardiello 2010: 154; Giulierini et al. 2020: 105). Despite having undergone repairs following the extensive damage it sustained in the earthquake of 62 AD, the mosaic never regained its former appearance. It is a rare example, as it was in some parts repaired with tesserae and some other parts repaired using mortar. Studies of the Alexander Mosaic suggest that these two different mending techniques belong to separate attempts from different periods. This article, as a result of detailed examinations, discusses the possibility that repairs made with both tesserae and mortar may have been applied simultaneously after the same destruction.
Antakya Mevsimler Mozaiğinin arkeometrik yönden incelenmesi
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-03) Argünhan, Ali; Aydın, Mahmut
Hatay Arkeoloji Müzesinde sergilenen Mevsimler Mozaiği dokuz panelden oluşur ve dört köşesinde mevsimler tasvir edilir. Mevsimler Mozaiğinin üzerinde bulunan cam ve taş tesseraların renkleri Munsell Renk Kataloğu esas alınarak, dijital Odak marka Capsure Portatif Renk Eşleştirme cihazı ile belirlenmiştir. Taş tesseraların petrografik analizleri ince kesit optik mikroskop analizi ile cam tesseraların kimyasal analizi de Polarize Enerji Dağıtımlı X-Işını Floresan Spektrometresi kullanılarak, arkeometrik yönden karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında taş tesseraların kayaç türü, dokusu, sertlik derecesi, agregayı oluşturan kayaç ve mineraller tanımlanmıştır. Cam tessera analizlerinin sonuçları çerçevesinde bulunan elementlerin kimyasal kompozisyonu belirlenmiş ve renk özellikleri hakkında öngörülerde bulunulmuştur. Taş tesseraların petrografik analizi ile kayaç türleri biyosparitik, biyomikritik ve mikritik kireçtaşı olarak belirlenmiştir. Cam tesseraların PED-XRF analizi sonucunda soda kireç camı olduğu, bitki külünün kullanılmadığı, bünyesinde bozulmanın ve direncinin düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Cam tesseraya yeşil rengi veren elementin bakır olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Stronsiyum (Sr) ve zirkonyum (Zr) içeriklerine bakılarak cam tesseraların yapısında karasal hammadde kullanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Antioch mosaics and their mythological and artistic relations with Spanish mosaics
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Blazquez, José Maria; Cabrero, Javier
The twenty-two myths represented in Antioch mosaics repeat themselves in those in Hispania. Six of the most famous are selected: Judgment of Paris, Dionysus and Ariadne, Pegasus and the Nymphs, Aphrodite and Adonis, Meleager and Atalanta and Iphigenia in Aulis.
Arkeolojik alanda in situ (yerinde) mozaik koruma yöntemleri
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Şener, Y. Selçuk
The conservation of mosaics unearthed at excavations is evaluated according to the conditions in which they were buried / found and is generally classified, in terms of low, medium, or high level of deterioration in the mosaics. If the mosaics remain in their location in their complete or almost complete form they are generally considered to be intact; on the other hand, mosaics which are disaggregated, crumbled, or have lost the unity in their design, whether in the tessellatum or in other structural layers, are evaluated as having suffered deterioration/damage at a low, medium, or high level, according to the degree of deterioration. As with all archaeological materials, in order to overcome problems that have arisen or new ones that may arise in the mosaics uncovered in excavations, and with the aim of stabilizing the structure, a series of effective or preventive conservation interventions have to be resorted to. While for mosaics that are intact mosaic conservation can be limited to essential preliminary treatment and taking the necessary measures for conservation, mosaics that have suffered deterioration can necessitate effective conservation that calls for efforts that increase proportionately to the degree of deterioration. At this point it is important that decisions for intervention be taken by competent people, that these decisions be correct and adequate, and that conservation and restoration be implemented by competent individuals using acknowledged methods. In this study preventive and effective conservation methods necessary for mosaics that need to be preserved in situ at archaeological sites are explained using concrete examples of practical implementation selected from our various experiences.
Arvalya bazilikası
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Keser, Hünkar; Tok, Emine
The church is located at real estate with parcel number 7890, in Arvalya location on Selçuk-Kuşadası highway. In its immediate surroundings, there are Gül Hanım Mound, Arvalya Forest Camp Hellenistic tumulus, tomb building and several vaulted spaces that can be tracked through the surface. The church was discovered in 2010, during earthworks for construction of a football pitch on the field; and its scientific evaluation was then carried out thanks to excavations by Ephesus Museum. In the wake of researches it is found that the church was built in early 5th century, on a monumental Roman structure. The church lies in east-to-west direction. It has a basilical plan scheme with three naves. The middle nave is wider than the lateral ones. On the east, there is an apse with a round plan on both interior and exterior sides. The west frontiers are lost during building excavations. According to present traces, the nave of naos seems to be paved with mosaics, whereas the side naves are fitted with bricks. One section of the bordure of mosaic pavement on middle nave is partially protected, while its middle section exists in parts. The bordure consists of alternately placed geometrical motifs. The figure of middle field, however, cannot be identified. In this paper, our aim is to present this partly survived building, which was not published before together with photos, drawings and also to compare with the contemporary examples.
Assos mozaikleri
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Arslan, Nurettin; Bakan, Caner
Die hier behandelten Mosaikfußböden wurden mit einer Ausnahme alle in den Jahren 1881-1883 durch die vom American Institute of Archaeology durchgeführten Ausgrabungen freigelegt. Das älteste, aus Marmor hergestellte Mosaik lag in der Cella des Athenatempels auf der Akropolis. Die anderen frühen Beispiele aus dem 4.-3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. schmückten die Fußböden zweier Gebäude südlich des Bouleuterions. Auf diesen aus Kieselsteinen gefertigten Mosaiken sind Nike und Greife dargestellt. Daneben sind noch Mosaikfußböden in Kirchen des 5./6. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. ausgegraben worden. Die Tatsache, dass es in einem so wichtigen Ort wie in Assos vom 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis in das 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. kaum Mosaiken gibt, kann mit dem Grabungsprogramm zusammenhängen. Bis in das Jahr 2010 fanden die Ausgrabungen fast nur im Athenatempel, dem Theater und der Nekropole statt. Wenn in den Wohnvierteln, Kirchen und den anderen offiziellen Gebäuden in der Stadt gegraben werden würde, wäre zu vermuten, dass die Anzahl der Mosaike in Assos steigt. Die einzigartigen Mosaike des 4. und 3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. zeigen auf, dass die Tradition der Mosaikfußböden in einer frühen Zeit der Stadtgeschichte beginnt. Zwischen diesen und der Mosaikausstattung der Kirchen des 5./6. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. erstreckt sich ein mehrere Jahrhunderte umfassender Hiatus, der nur durch weitere Ausgrabungen gefüllt werden kann.
The Athena Domus at Apollonia (Albania): A reassessment
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016) Omari, Elda; Bonini, Paolo
The city of Apollonia, located to the South-west of modern Albania, was founded in 588 B.C. by Corinthian and Corcyrian people, and was later described by Cicero as an admirabilis urbs. In 44 B.C. when Augustus and Agrippa were studying rhetoric in Apollonia, they got to know of the killing of Caesar and were helped by the local people to return to Rome and take the power back. The city, located on the right bank of the river Aoos, only 12 km from the sea, was a crossroads and a filter for different cultures: Illyrians, Macedonians, the Greeks and the Romans have inhabited the territory over the centuries. The domus, dated between 2nd and 3rd century A.D., represents the connection of the “residential fashion” present at the East and West of the Adriatic Sea. The domus is known in the literature as the “Athena house” because of the statue discovered by the archaeologists inside of it, but also as the “D house” because it was unearthed in “Sector D” of the excavation. The first goal of the research is to analyse the architectural and decorative aspects of the house to understand the tastes of this site. The second goal is to understand the needs of the customer’s social and economic selfrepresentation and the skills of the craftsmen who worked there.
Ayanis örnekleri ışığında Urartu anıtsal mimarisinde süsleme elemanı olarak taş halkalar
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-10-10) Aras, Ayşegül Akın; Işıklı, Mehmet
Bu çalışmada, Argişti oğlu Rusa’nın kenti, Urartu Krallığı’nın son kralî projesi olan Ayanis’te tapınak kompleksinde ortaya çıkarılan bir grup materyal kültür unsurları değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamıza konu olan bu unsurlar, Urartu anıtsal mimarisinde ve mimari ile ilintili tasarılarda karşımıza çıkan taş halkalardır. Yaklaşık 2 cm derinliğinde açılan negatif yuvalara kakma tekniğinde yerleştirilmeleri ile bu taş halkalar, Ayanis tapınak cella duvarlarını süsleyen mitolojik yaratıklar ve hayat ağacı gibi birçok motifin yer aldığı kireç taşından oyma-kakma süslemelere de oldukça benzemektedir. İç içe geçen üç dairesel halkadan oluşan ve uygulanacakları yüzeylere birbirinden bağımsız şekilde dizilen bu taş halkaların, teknik olarak nasıl tanımlanabilecekleri tartışılagelmiştir. Çalışma özellikle bu tanımlama tahliline odaklı olarak kaleme alınmıştır.
Balatlar kilisesi mozaiklerinin koruma - onarım uygulamaları
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-08-21) Hetto , Sedef Öztürk; Küçük , Celalettin
Anadolu’nun diğer bölgelerine oranla Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki yerleşimlerde bulunan Roma ve Bizans Dönemleri ’ne ait döşeme mozaikleri oldukça az sayıdadır ve dolayısıyla bu bölgedeki mozaik koruma ve onarım uygulamalarına ait veriler de kısıtlıdır. Balatlar Kilisesi kazılarında gün ışığına çıkarılan mozaiklere uygulanan koruma ve onarım yöntemlerinin, daha sonraki çalışmalara kaynak olması bakımından önemlidir. Insitu olarak korunmaları planlanan ve toplam 10 panodan oluşan bu mozaikler üzerinde belgeleme, önleyici koruma ve konservasyon uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Balatlar Kilisesi mozaiklerindeki koruma-onarım uygulamaları ve sonuçları değerlendirilerek sunulmuştur
Bases de Données et représentation spatiale des mosaïques romaines du Maroc
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-08-16) Bouzoubaa, Nissma; Dekayir, Abdelilah
Morocco boasts a rich and extensive heritage of Roman mosaics. Each of these mosaics is assigned a very detailed record documenting their discovery, dimensions, state of conservation, and so on. A good number of the mosaics have been removed from their original site and are currently in storerooms awaiting restoration. The objective of this project is to create a GIS database that will collate all the records for each of these mosaics. Geo-referencing software (ArcGIS) can be used to view the mosaics in situ. The creation of such a database will make it easier to access information about each mosaic and to facilitate management and decision making.
The Basilica mosaic on Asar Island at Myndos
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2015) Şener, Y. Selçuk; Şahin, Derya
The first time that a church’s ruins have been discovered with three naves under the base of an architectural ruin of a watchtower is happened in 2009 in Myndos’ Asar Island, when the archeological excavations had started at the top of the island.The ground of the church had been made by using the technique of opus tesselatum, and covered by an geometrical patterned mosaic. However that mosaic had been only protected one piece at the North nave and mostly in the middle nave. Most of the floor pavement of North nave had been ruined because of multiple reasons and had been found at the lower terrace with pieces by the reason of fall down. At the South nave none of mosaic ruins had been found. The mosaic floor dated late 5th - early 6th A.D. by the style and the ruins that have been found with it. In that article information’s will be given about that mosaic’s floor and consolidation.
Bathonea’dan Erken Hristiyanlık Dönemine ait bir martyrion ve opus sectile döşemesi
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-08-16) Sazak , Batuhan; Aydıngün, Şengül; Aydıngün, Haldun
İstanbul’un batı yakasında yer alan Küçükçekmece Göl Havzası, Firuzköy Yarımadası üzerinde Bathonea Antik Liman Yerleşiminde, 2009 yılında arkeolojik kazılar başlamıştır. Kazılarda İÖ IV. yüzyıl ile İS XI. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlenen, limanlar, yollar, meydanlar, su yapıları, askeri, sivil ve dini yapılar ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Kazılarda 8. Alan olarak kodlanan bölgede bir kale kalıntısı ile çevrili alanın içinde dıştan kare içten sekizgen planlı, kubbeli ve bir kriptası olan bir yapının gösterdiği özellikler nedeniyle martyrion olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu yapıda yürütülen kazılarda, opus sectile tekniğinde geometrik bir zemin döşeme ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca yapının kubbe, kemer, tonoz ve duvarlarında yer aldığı anlaşılan mozaik kaplamalar ele geçmiştir. Kalın bir sıvaya gömülü olduğu anlaşılan tesseraların yeşil, mavi, sarı, kırmızı, beyaz gibi doğal taş, mermer, cam ve kiremit gibi örnekleri yanında çok sayıda altın ve gümüş yaldızlı olanları da bulunmaktadır. Bu yazıda bir kısmı in situ halde bulunan geometrik opus sectile zemin döşemesinin parçaları ve döşemenin kompozisyon özellikleri incelenmiştir. Döşemenin, farklı arkeolojik alanlardaki benzer örnekleriyle karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Yapının mimari özellikleri, mozaikleri ve buluntuları IV.- VI. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilmektedir. Yapının VI. yüzyılda yaşanan büyük bir deprem ile yıkıldığı sanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle yapının üst örtü sistemindeki mozaik bezemelerin dekorasyonu hakkında bilgi edinilememiştir
Before the Corpus: Byzantine mosaics in Istanbul in nineteenth-century French guide-books
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2015) Morlier, Helene
The study of a series of nineteenth-century French guide-books shows the evolution of the art of travel: guidebooks were first based on the experience of travellers and the documentation summarized by writers. Little by little, guide-books became more detailed and gave more accurate descriptions of the ornamentation of buildings: art history replaced general impressions. Guide-books also witnessed the changes of mentalities on both sides: foreign visitors and local citizens.
A birds mosaic in Qalaat Seman
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Raynaud, Marie-Patrici
Pilgrims’ Baths are excavated since 2008 in Qalaat Seman, dating from the same period than the whole site (end of 5th century), they are partially dug. A large mosaic covers a courtyard surrounded by three galleries (circa 200 m2 ). Around 60% of the space is presently visible. The two excavated galleries present the same simple geometric pattern. In the contrary, the court is covered by a large pattern of adjacent octagons and squares. The originality and interest of this mosaic lays in the filling motifs of the octagons: each of them contains alternatively a bird or a vegetal motif. The birds present many different types and orientation, with bright colours and lively attitudes. The vegetal motifs between birds display trees, bushes and flowers. Some of them are replaced by an empty birdcage with open door. Geometric elements fill the peripheral compartments. This aviary presents an original interpretation of the mosaics showing birds, frequent in the surrounding of Antioch or Apamea, but presenting other forms. We will try to study examples of similar theme in order to locate the workshop of Qalaat Seman among the rich Near East mosaic production.
Bodrum-Torba monastery mosaics
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Özet, Aykut
Bodrum ilçesine bağlı Torba köyünde 2000 yılında yapılan kazılar sırasında Geç Roma Çağına tarihlenen taşınır ve taşınmaz eserler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Tapınak-Şapel, Rahipler evi, Büyük Kilise, Hamam ve Sarnıç gibi taşınmaz eserler içinde yapılan kazı çalışmalarında, tahrip edilmiş alanlar dışında kaliteli mozaiklerle döşenmiş tabanlara rastlanmıştır. Mozaikler genel olarak MS. V-VII yüzyıllara tarihlenen motifler içermektedir. Tessera büyüklükleri ve sayıları da bu yüzyılların özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Özel sektör elindeki bu külliye ne yazık ki korunamamakta ve her geçen gün biraz daha tahrip olmaktadır.
Book Review : Mosaicos romanos en el espacio rural: Investigación y puesta en valor
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2020) Quattrocchi, Luigi
The volume published (fig. 1) by “L’Erma di Bretschneider” orginated from the I+D+i project: “Patrimonio Arqueológico, Nuevas Tecnologías, Turismo, Educación y Rentabilización Social: Un nexo necesario para el yacimiento rural” (PATTERN). HAR2015-68059C2-2 (MINECO / FEDER, EU) directed by coordinator Luz Neira Jiménez and could count on the support of many academics from different institutions of Spain and Europe in general. It is therefore the result of four intense years of study which are enclosed in 18 contributions: the majority of them are about the site of the Roman villa of Fuente Álamo (Puente Genil, Córdoba), others explore other archaeological sites that help defining the general context of rural Roman mosaics
Book review : Corpus of the roman mosaics of the conuentus bracaraugustanus
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2020-07-13) Pessoa, Miguel
The text here published largely follows the presentation I did at the book launch on 26th June 2019, in the Auditorium of the National Library of Portugal. It was with great honour and pleasure that I accepted the task of presenting the Corpus of the Roman Mosaics of the Conuentus Bracaraugustanus, with the coordination and authorship of Fátima Abraços. The book preparation also had the helpful collaboration of António Manuel de Carvalho Lima, Cátia Mourao, Filomena Limao, Licínia Wrench, Marcelo Mendes Pinto, Paulo Dórdio Gomes and Rui Lopes.

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