Publication: Candida izolatlarının antifungal duyarlılığının belirlenmesinde klinik laboratuvar standartları enstitüsü (CLSI) ve avrupa antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri komitesi (EUCAST) sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması
Date
2017-11-08
Authors
Cilo, Burcu Dalyan
Topaç, Tuncay
Ağca, Harun
Sağlam, Sezcan
Efe, Kadir
Ener, Beyza
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Mikrobiyoloji Derneği
Abstract
Candida türleri yüksek mortalite ve morbiditeyle ilişkili kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonlarına sebep olan ilk 10 etken arasındadır. Birçok yeni antifungal ilacın geliştirilmesine rağmen epidemiyolojik çalışmalar Candida izolatlarındaki antifungal direncin ciddi bir problem haline gelmeye başladığını göstermiştir. Antifungal duyarlılığı ölçmek için iki standart yöntem vardır ve bu çalışmada kandan elde edilen Candida izolatlarının amfoterisin B, flukonazol, itrakonazol, vorikonazol, posakonazol ve anidulofungin duyarlılığını belirlemek için “Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)” ve “European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)” sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 74 Candida albicans, 67 Candida parapsilosis, 30 Candida glabrata ve 18 Candida tropicalis izolatı kullanılmıştır. Anidulofungin hariç, minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon değerleri, CLSI yönteminde 24 ve 48 saat inkübasyondan sonra, EUCAST yönteminde sadece 24 saat inkübasyondan sonra belirlenmiştir. Her iki yöntemle elde edilen MİK değerleri ± 2 dilüsyon sınırları içerisinde ise uyumlu olarak kabul edilmiştir. Her antifungal için yöntemler arasındaki kategori uyumunda klinik sınır değerler ve epidemiyolojik eşik değerlerden yararlanılmıştır. Yöntemler arasındaki uyum (± 2 dilüsyonda) tür, ilaç ve inkübasyon zamanına bağımlı olarak bulunmuştur. Yirmi dört saat inkübasyon sonunda amfoterisin B, itrakonazol, posakonazol ve anidulofunginde iyi (> %90) kategorisinde uyum bulunurken, flukonazol ve vorikonazolde, özellikle nispeten daha yavaş üreyen C.glabrata ve C.parapsilosis izolatlarında daha düşük kategorisinde uyum (< %85) bulunmuştur. Mükemmel kategori uyumu (%100) amfoterisin B/C. parapsilosis, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis ve andilofungin/C.albicans, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis ile görülürken en kötü uyum, posakonazol ve C.albicans (24 saate %71.6; 48 saatte %73) arasında saptanmıştır. Tedavide sık kullanılan ilaçlar olan flukonazol ve anidulafungine her iki yöntemle tespit edilen direnç C.albicans (sırasıyla %1.3; %2.7), C.glabrata (sırasıyla 0%, %3.3) ve C.tropicalis’de (sırasıyla 0%, %5.6), in vitro azalmış duyarlılık C.parapsilosis ve flukonazolde (24 saatte %11.9; 48 saatte %17.9) görülmüştür. Flukonazol ve vorikonazol arasında çapraz direnç üç C.parapsilosis izolatında saptanmış ve bir C.albicans izolatında ise çok ilaca direnç (flukonazol, itrakonazol, posakonazol ve anidulafungin) tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, her iki yöntemin benzer olduğu ve laboratuvarların tercihine göre kullanılabileceği gözlenmiştir. CLSI antifungal duyarlılık sonuçlarının 24 saat inkübasyon sonunda değerlendirilebileceğinin ancak bazen, C.glabrata gibi yavaş üreyen türlerde 48 saat inkübasyon sonucunda değerlendirme yapılması gerektiğinin önemli olduğu saptanmıştır.
Candida species are among the top 10 pathogens causing bloodstream infections associated with high morbidity, mortality. In spite of the development of new antifungal drugs, epidemiological studies have shown that resistance to antifungal drugs among Candida isolates is becoming a serious problem. The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal broth microdilution methods of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and anidulafungin susceptibility of Candida blood isolates. The study consisted of 74 Candida albicans, 67 Candida parapsilosis, 30 Candida glabrata, and 18 Candida tropicalis isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined after 24 and 48 hour of incubation with CLSI method and only 24 hour of incubation with EUCAST method except anidulofungin. The MIC values obtained by both methods were considered to be compatible within ± 2 dilution limits. The categorical agreement between methods for each antifungal agent was assessed using clinical break points and epidemiological cut-off values. The agreement (± 2 dilution) between the methods was found to be species, drug, and incubation time dependent. After 24 hour incubation, good agreement category (> 90%) was detected between amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin, but was lower category (< 85%) was determined with fluconazole and voriconazole especially for relatively slow growing C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis isolates. Excellent categorical agreement (100%) was observed for amfoterisin B/C.parapsilosis, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis and anidulofungin/C.albicans, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis but least category was determined for posaconazole and C.albicans (71.6% at 24 hour; 73% at 48 hour). In vitro resistance of therapeutically used fluconazole and anidulafungin determined by both methods was rare among C.albicans (1.3%, 2.7% respectively), C.glabrata (0%, 3.3% respectively) and C.tropicalis (0%, 5.6% respectively) isolates but, an increase of non-susceptible isolates were observed among C.parapsilosis (11.9% at 24 hour of incubation; 17.9% at 48 hour of incubation) for fluconazole. There was also a cross resistance between fluconazole and voriconazole for three C.parapsilosis isolates and one multidrug resistant (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin) C.albicans isolate (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin). As a result in this study, it was determined thatboth methods were similar and can be used according to preference of laboratories. The CLSI antifungal susceptibility test results can be assessed at the end of 24 hour incubation, but sometimes it is important that the evaluation should be performed as a result of 48 hour incubation in slow growing species such as C.glabrata.
Candida species are among the top 10 pathogens causing bloodstream infections associated with high morbidity, mortality. In spite of the development of new antifungal drugs, epidemiological studies have shown that resistance to antifungal drugs among Candida isolates is becoming a serious problem. The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal broth microdilution methods of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and anidulafungin susceptibility of Candida blood isolates. The study consisted of 74 Candida albicans, 67 Candida parapsilosis, 30 Candida glabrata, and 18 Candida tropicalis isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined after 24 and 48 hour of incubation with CLSI method and only 24 hour of incubation with EUCAST method except anidulofungin. The MIC values obtained by both methods were considered to be compatible within ± 2 dilution limits. The categorical agreement between methods for each antifungal agent was assessed using clinical break points and epidemiological cut-off values. The agreement (± 2 dilution) between the methods was found to be species, drug, and incubation time dependent. After 24 hour incubation, good agreement category (> 90%) was detected between amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin, but was lower category (< 85%) was determined with fluconazole and voriconazole especially for relatively slow growing C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis isolates. Excellent categorical agreement (100%) was observed for amfoterisin B/C.parapsilosis, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis and anidulofungin/C.albicans, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis but least category was determined for posaconazole and C.albicans (71.6% at 24 hour; 73% at 48 hour). In vitro resistance of therapeutically used fluconazole and anidulafungin determined by both methods was rare among C.albicans (1.3%, 2.7% respectively), C.glabrata (0%, 3.3% respectively) and C.tropicalis (0%, 5.6% respectively) isolates but, an increase of non-susceptible isolates were observed among C.parapsilosis (11.9% at 24 hour of incubation; 17.9% at 48 hour of incubation) for fluconazole. There was also a cross resistance between fluconazole and voriconazole for three C.parapsilosis isolates and one multidrug resistant (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin) C.albicans isolate (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and anidulofungin). As a result in this study, it was determined thatboth methods were similar and can be used according to preference of laboratories. The CLSI antifungal susceptibility test results can be assessed at the end of 24 hour incubation, but sometimes it is important that the evaluation should be performed as a result of 48 hour incubation in slow growing species such as C.glabrata.
Description
Keywords
Microbiology, Candida türleri, Antifungal duyarlılık, Minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon, Candida species, Antifungal susceptibility, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antifungal drug-resistance, Species distribution, 4-year survey, Risk-factors, Epidemiologyi, Nfections, Mechanisms, Management, Fungemia, Glabrata
Citation
Cilo, B. D. vd. (2018). ''Candida izolatlarının antifungal duyarlılığının belirlenmesinde klinik laboratuvar standartları enstitüsü (CLSI) ve avrupa antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri komitesi (EUCAST) sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması''. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 52(1), 35-48.